Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Kenney Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Kenney Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Author-Name: Ryan Bogle Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Bogle Author-X-Name-Last: Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Title: Money, Honey if You Want to Get Along With Me: Money Management and Union Dissolution in Marriage and Cohabitation Abstract: Most U.S. analyses of household resource allocation ignore what couples do with their money — whether it is combined in a "common pot" or kept separate. However, there is good reason to believe that a better understanding of couples' money practices offers new insight into other family behaviors. This study uses Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study data (N = 1,448 couples) to analyze the association of couples' money management with subsequent union dissolution. Results show a strong association between moving money out of joint accounts, and consistently keeping money separate, and couple breakup. This association holds for married, but not for cohabiting couples. Creation-Date: 2010-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp07-03-ff.pdf Number: 25 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-03-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Turney Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Turney Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Author-Name: Kristen Harknett Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Harknett Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Title: Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Residential Stability, and Perceptions of Social Support among New Mothers Abstract: Neighborhoods are important sites for the formation and development of social ties. In theory, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood may be associated with lacking social support. We investigate this hypothesis among mothers of young children using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study (N=4,211). We find that mothers in disadvantaged neighborhoods, compared with their counterparts in better neighborhoods, are less likely to have a safety net of friends or family to rely on for monetary or housing assistance. We also find that residential stability is associated with stronger personal safety nets. For mothers who move when their children are young, moving to a better neighborhood seems to have little effect on their perceived instrumental support, but moving to a more disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with a decline in instrumental support. Creation-Date: 2007-02 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.506.8657&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 900 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-08-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maren Jiminez Author-X-Name-First: Maren Author-X-Name-Last: Jiminez Author-Workplace-Name: UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Author-Name: Xiuhong You Author-X-Name-First: Xiuhong Author-X-Name-Last: You Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas, Austin Author-Name: Yolanda C. Padilla Author-X-Name-First: Yolanda Author-X-Name-Last: Padilla Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas, Austin Author-Name: Daniel A. Powers Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Powers Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas, Austin Title: Language of Interview and the Subjectively-Rated Health of Hispanic Mothers and their Children Abstract: Hispanics tend to be as healthy as non-Hispanic whites across a number of indicators, yet they consistently rate their health as worse than non-Hispanic whites. This incongruous finding has been tied both to levels of acculturation and Spanish-language use, questioning the validity of self-reported health for Spanish speakers in the United States. Furthermore, in the same way that Hispanic adults interviewed in Spanish have worse self-rated health, when asked in Spanish mothers rate their children?s health as worse than those mothers who answer in English. The exact reasons for this relationship, though, are unclear. Frequently this language effect has been taken as an indicator of acculturation; as such, the assumption is that as time progresses Hispanics become more acculturated and answer questions regarding their health more similarly to non-Hispanic whites. However, up until this point there has been no longitudinal research examining the relationship between rated health and language of interview. Using three waves of data on Hispanic mothers and their children from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, this paper addresses the following questions: 1. Is Spanish language interview predictive of worse rated health for both mothers and children, and do these relationships change over time? 2. Does the effect of language on rated health persist after controlling for potential mediators? By employing two-level generalized linear models, we find that on average, those who were interviewed in Spanish are more likely to rate their and their children?s health as worse than those who answered in English. The effect of language of interview on reported health persists over time, even after controlling for measures of acculturation, physical and mental health, and access to health care. Contrary to what some have proposed, we see no discernable change over time in the way women rate their own health or that of their children. Creation-Date: 2007-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp07-13-ff.pdf Number: 895 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-13-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Laura S. Hussey Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Hussey Author-Workplace-Name: University of Baltimore Title: Are Social Welfare Policies "Pro-Life"? An Individual-Level Analysis of Low-Income Women Abstract: This paper tests the hypothesis that low-income women's likelihood of choosing abortion will decrease as their access to and participation in social welfare programs increases. Though an affirmative finding could challenge the coherence of a morally and fiscally conservative Republican coalition and thus improve prospects for the safety net?s political future, findings from a sample of low-SES, urban mothers do not support this hypothesis. Welfare program participation and state welfare generosity are positively associated with the likelihood of choosing abortion. The existence and magnitude of this relationship, however, is mediated by the rules of state welfare bureaucracies and also varies by women's race and marital status. Limitations on abortion access appear to reduce abortions, while the nongovernmental safety net does not affect abortion decisions. Creation-Date: 2006-01 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.497.4052&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 896 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-12-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Knab Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Knab Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irv Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irv Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Emily Moiduddin Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Moiduddin Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas, Austin Title: The Effects of Welfare and Child Support Policies on the Timing and Incidence of Marriage Following a Nonmarital Birth Abstract: Researchers and policy makers have long been concerned that government policies may influence individual behavior in unintended ways. In particular, they worry that by providing mothers with an income that is independent of marriage, welfare and child support policies may discourage marriage and increase union dissolution. Economic theory is clear with respect to the marriage disincentives of welfare for single mothers (Becker 1981), but it is ambiguous with respect to child support. Whereas stronger enforcement reduces the costs of single motherhood for women, making marriage less attractive, it increases the costs for fathers, making marriage more attractive. Which effect dominates is an empirical question. Although empirical studies vary with respect to effect size and methods, the evidence compiled during the 1980s and early 1990s indicates that welfare generosity during this period had a small negative effect on marriage among mothers (Moffitt 1998) whereas strong child support enforcement reduced single motherhood by reducing nonmarital childbearing. Creation-Date: 2008-09 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24116941_The_Effects_of_Welfare_and_Child_Support_Policies_on_the_Timing_and_Incidence_of_Marriage_Following_a_Nonmarital_Birth Number: 898 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-10-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas, Austin Title: Is Marriage Protective for all Children? Cumulative Risks at Birth and Subsequent Child Behavior among Urban Families Abstract: Today, 37% of all births are to unmarried mothers (Hamilton, Martin, & Ventura, 2006). This represents a doubling in nonmarital childbearing in the past 25 years. Reducing nonmarital childbearing and promoting marriage among unmarried parents have become major policy concerns because, although the increase in nonmarital births has occurred at all education levels and among all race/ethnic groups, the trends have disproportionately affected lower educated and minority women (Ellwood & Jencks, 2004), which is fueling the growing inequality in this country. A concern is that two very different trajectories have been created for children; one for children born to married parents that is largely advantageous and one for children born to unmarried mothers that is beset with multiple risks. Creation-Date: 2007-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp07-09-ff.pdf Number: 899 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-09-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: W. Bradford Wilcox Author-X-Name-First: W. Bradford Author-X-Name-Last: Wilcox Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Author-Name: Edwin I. Hernández Author-X-Name-First: Edwin Author-X-Name-Last: Hernández Author-Workplace-Name: University of Notre Dame Title: Bendito Amor: Religion and Relationships among Married and Unmarried Latinos in Urban America Abstract: The family arrangements of Latinos in the U.S. are increasingly diverse, with growing numbers of Latino children living in households headed by married and unmarried parents. Latinos also tend to be more religious than the population at large. Yet no research has examined the associations between religion and relationship quality among married and unmarried Latinos. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, which focuses on new parents in urban America, we find that the religious attendance of Latino fathers promotes higher-quality relationships among both fathers and mothers; by contrast, the effect of maternal attendance on relationship quality is insignificant or negative. Creation-Date: 2007-01 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24116945_Bendito_Amor_Religion_and_Relationships_among_Married_and_Unmarried_Latinos_in_Urban_America Number: 902 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-06-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shirley H. Liu Author-X-Name-First: Shirley Author-X-Name-Last: Liu Author-Workplace-Name: University of Miami Author-Name: Frank Heiland Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Heiland Author-Workplace-Name: Florida State University Title: Should We Get Married? The Effect of Parents' Marriage on Out-of-Wedlock Children Abstract: Using a representative sample of children born to unwed parents drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study investigates whether marriage after childbirth has a causal effect on early child cognitive ability, using a treatment outcome approach to account for the selection into marriage. Comparing children with similar background characteristics and parental mate-selection patterns who differ only in terms of whether their parents marry after childbirth, we find that children whose parents marry score about 4 points (1=4th of a standard deviation) higher on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test at age three than children whose parents remain unmarried. Contrasting the estimates from potential-outcome and least squares models indicates that the marriage effect is greater for children whose parents transition into marriage. Further analyses show that their parents tend to be less well matched. In the absence of a legal arrangement ("marriage"), these parents may face lower incentives in allocating resources toward the child and may experience greater difficulties of coordinating and monitoring their investments. As a result, children of parents who transition into marriage could have been particularly at risk of receiving suboptimal investments had their parents remained unmarried. Creation-Date: 2008-10 File-URL: http://moya.bus.miami.edu/~sliu/Research_files/marriage23.pdf Number: 906 Classification-JEL: J12, J13, C3 Keywords: Premarital Childbearing, Child Wellbeing, Marriage, Assortative Mating, Propensity Score Matching Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-02-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julien O. Teitler Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Teitler Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University and Rutgers University Title: Mental Illness as a Barrier to Marriage Among Mothers With Out-of-Wedlock Births Abstract: This study explores how mental illness shapes transitions to marriage among unwed mothers using augmented data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. We estimate proportional hazard models to assess the effects of mental illness on the likelihood of marriage over a five year period following a non-marital birth. Diagnosed mental illness was obtained from the survey respondents' prenatal medical records. We find that mothers with mental illness were about two thirds as likely as mothers without mental illness to marry, even after controlling for demographic characteristics, and that human capital, relationship quality, partner selection, and substance abuse explain only a small proportion of the effect of mental illness on marriage. Creation-Date: 2007-07 File-URL: http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/NPC_working_paper_07-20-Teitler.pdf Number: 907 Classification-JEL: I12 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP07-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia J. Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Frank F. Furstenberg, Jr. Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Furstenberg, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Title: The Consequences of Multi-partnered Fertility for Parental Involvement and Relationships Abstract: At the nexus of changing marital and fertility behavior is a new reality of contemporary family life -- the fact that a significant fraction of adults today (will) have biological children by more than one partner, sometimes called "multi-partnered fertility." In this paper, we use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to explore the consequences of multi-partnered fertility for family relationships about three years after a baby's birth. We find that earlier parental obligations are strongly linked to the focal couple's relationship quality and their ability to co-parent effectively. Fathers' having previous children is particularly deleterious -- at least from mothers' perspectives. We discuss the implications of our findings for family roles in childrearing, the organization of kin networks, and current public policies. Creation-Date: 2007-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp06-28-ff.pdf Number: 908 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-28-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lenna Nepomnyaschy Author-X-Name-First: Lenna Author-X-Name-Last: Nepomnyaschy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Child Support Enforcement and Fathers' Contributions to Their Nonmarital Children Abstract: Research shows that stronger child support enforcement increases the amount of formal support received by children from their nonresident fathers. Yet, little is known about: 1) the informal cash and non-cash contributions that nonresident fathers make?especially to nonmarital children, 2) the effect of child support enforcement on these types of contributions, and 3) most importantly, the effect of child support enforcement on total (formal plus informal) child support contributions. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that strong enforcement reduces the amount of informal support, increases the amount of formal support, and most importantly, has no effect on the total amount of support received by unwed mothers. The effects on total payments are negative for parents who stopped cohabiting recently and positive for parents who never cohabited or stopped cohabiting three or more years ago. Implications for policy hinge upon future research. Creation-Date: 2009-02 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46486145_Child_Support_Enforcement_and_Fathers'_Contributions_to_Their_Nonmarital_Children Number: 909 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-09-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Young Children's Behavioral Problems in Married and Cohabiting Families Abstract: We use data from the Fragile Families Study (N = 1,370) to examine child behavioral problems among children born to cohabiting and married parents who remain together until the child is age 3. The primary objective of the analysis is to determine how much of the difference in child outcomes at age 3 can be accounted for by differences in family economic resources, parental relationship quality, and parental health. We also investigate whether parents' marriage after the child's birth improves child outcomes. Results show that children born to married versus cohabiting parents have fewer reported behavioral problems at age three, and that differences in parental economic, interpersonal, and health resources can account for between 30% to 50% of the differences in child outcomes at age 3. Marriage following a cohabiting birth, however, is not associated with fewer child behavioral problems. Creation-Date: 2004-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-09-ff-osborne.pdf Number: 950 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-09-FF-Osborne.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kate S. Adkins Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University Author-Name: Claire M. Kamp Dush Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Kamp Dush Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University Title: Implications of Violent and Controlling Unions for Mothers' Mental Health and Leaving Abstract: We used two waves of the Fragile Families Study (N = 2639) to examine links between control and violence with maternal mental health and relationship dissolution. Mothers in controlling-only or controlling and violent unions had more symptoms of depression and anxiety and greater odds of dissolution than mothers not experiencing violence or control. Over time, all mothers increased in depressive symptoms, but the magnitude of the increase in depressive symptoms was greatest for mothers in violent and controlling stable unions followed by those in controlling-only stable unions. Mothers dissolving violent and/or controlling unions also experienced increases depressive symptoms over time. Results indicate negative consequences for both mothers who remain in and leave violent and controlling unions. Creation-Date: 2008-06 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23544104_Implications_Of_Violent_And_Controlling_Unions_For_Mothers'_Mental_Health_And_Leaving Number: 1084 Classification-JEL: I12 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-14-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hope Corman Author-X-Name-First: Hope Author-X-Name-Last: Corman Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research Author-Name: Kelly Noonan Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Noonan Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Author-Name: Ofira Schwartz-Soicher Author-X-Name-First: Ofira Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz-Soicher Author-Workplace-Name: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Title: Crime and Circumstance: The Effects of Infant Health Shocks on Fathers' Criminal Activity Abstract: Few studies in the economics literature have linked individuals? criminal behavior to changes in their personal circumstances. Life shocks, such as natural or personal disasters, could reduce or sever a person's connections to his/her family, job, or community. With fewer connections, crime may become a more attractive option. This study addresses the question of whether an exogenous shock in life circumstances affects criminal activity. Specifically, we estimate the effects of the birth of a child with a random and serious health problem (versus the birth of a healthy infant) on the likelihood that the child's father becomes or remains involved in illegal activities. Controlling for the father's pre-birth criminal activity, we find that the shock of having a child with a serious health problem increases both the father's post-birth conviction and incarceration by 1 to 8 percentage points, depending on the measure of infant health used. Creation-Date: 2006-12 File-URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12754/w12754.pdf Number: 913 Classification-JEL: K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-35-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Emily Moiduddin Author-X-Name-First: Emily Author-X-Name-Last: Moiduddin Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Douglas S. Massey Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Massey Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Segregation, the Concentration of Poverty, and Birth Weight Abstract: In this analysis we connect neighborhood conditions to birth outcomes through their intermediate effects on allostatic load. We hypothesize that neighborhood poverty and racial isolation combine to produce unsafe environments which raise allostatic load and thereby increase the likelihood of negative coping behaviors (substance abuse) while lowering the odds of health-promoting behaviors (prenatal visits to a health professional). We expect these behaviors, in turn, to produce lower birth weights. Using data from the Fragile Families Study we find substantial support for this hypothesized sequence of events. The two greatest direct effects on birth weight are risky behavior and racial isolation. Neighborhood poverty and prenatal care have small but significant direct effects. Though neighborhood safety?our hypothesized indicator for allostatic load?has no significant direct effect on birth weight, it has small, significant indirect effects by raising the likelihood of risky behavior and by lowering the odds of prenatal care. Creation-Date: 2006-11 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp06-31-ff.pdf Number: 917 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-31-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Selva Lewin-Bizan Author-X-Name-First: Selva Author-X-Name-Last: Lewin-Bizan Author-Workplace-Name: Boston College Title: Identifying the Associations between Child Temperament and Father Involvement: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence Abstract: Using a sample of resident fathers (either married or cohabiting) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,213), this study assessed the relationship between child temperament and father involvement. The direct effects of child temperament on father involvement, as well as its moderating effect on the association between other predictor variables and father involvement were measured. A two-equation model was estimated, using a two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression procedure. Findings suggest that fathers are less involved with temperamentally difficult children than with temperamentally easy children. Further, temperament moderated the strength of the association between parental relationship quality and father involvement for married fathers. Implications for intervention programs targeted at increasing paternal involvement are discussed. Creation-Date: 2006-06 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp06-24-ff.pdf Number: 921 Keywords: Father Involvement, Child Temperament, Parental Relationship Quality, Moderation Effects, Endogeneity-Exogeneity, 2SLS Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-24-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Margaret L. Usdansky Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Usdansky Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Author-Name: Douglas A. Wolf Author-X-Name-First: Douglas Author-X-Name-Last: Wolf Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Title: Missing Work and Quitting Work: Child Care-Related Employment Problems Abstract: Qualitative research points to logistical problems in coordinating child care as a key obstacle to maternal employment for low-income mothers. But quantitative research has largely overlooked this everyday aspect of combining work and family. This article provides quantitative analyses of child-care related employment problems among urban working mothers of infants and asks how social support, the complexity of work and care arrangements and demographic characteristics relate to these problems. We use the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study to estimate logistic regression models of child care failure and missing or quitting work due to care-related problems. Child-care related problems are widespread regardless of race, class or family structure. Mothers with potential backup providers are less likely to experience care-related problems. Mothers who hold more than one job, use more than one care provider or change providers encounter problems more often. Logistical challenges surrounding child care represent a serious obstacle to continued employment for all urban working mothers. Care-related employment problems are more closely associated with the availability of backup care and the complexity of work and care arrangements than with class. These problems merit further study given their potential impact on the gender wage gap. Creation-Date: 2009-02 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24116965_Missing_Work_and_Quitting_Work_Child_Care-Related_Employment_Problems Number: 922 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-20-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hope Corman Author-X-Name-First: Hope Author-X-Name-Last: Corman Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research Author-Name: Anne Carroll Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Carroll Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University Author-Name: Kelly Noonan Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Noonan Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Title: THE EFFECTS OF HEALTH ON HEALTH INSURANCE STATUS IN FRAGILE FAMILIES Abstract: We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to estimate the effects of poor infant health, pre-pregnancy health conditions of the mother, and the father?s health status on health insurance status of urban, mostly unmarried, mothers and their one-year-old children. Virtually all births were covered by health insurance, but one year later about one third of mothers and over 10 percent of children were uninsured. We separately examine births that were covered by public insurance and those that were covered by private insurance. The child?s health status had no effect, for the most part, on whether the mother or child became uninsured. For publicly insured births, a maternal physical health condition made it less likely that both the mother and child became uninsured, while maternal mental illness made it more likely that both the mother and child lost insurance coverage. For privately insured births, the father?s suboptimal physical health made it more likely that the mother, but not the child, became uninsured. Creation-Date: 2006-04 File-URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w12197/w12197.pdf Number: 928 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-10-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Suzanne Leaman Author-X-Name-First: Suzanne Author-X-Name-Last: Leaman Author-Workplace-Name: George Washington University Author-Name: Christina B. Gee Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Gee Author-Workplace-Name: George Washington University Title: Abusive Romantic Relationships among Adolescent and Young Adult Mothers Abstract: The associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) and mental health among adolescents and young adults were compared in the current study. The connections among marriage status, Latino heritage and abusive experiences were also analyzed. 672 women including 282 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19 and 390 young adults aged 20 or 21 participated in the study. Significant correlations were discovered between anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents while anxiety and IPV, anxiety and depression, depression and IPV were all significantly correlated among young adults. In addition, IPV and marriage status as well as marriage status and Latina heritage were significantly correlated among young adults. No significant findings came from linear or logistic regressions conducted with the adolescent data but, among young adults, linear regressions with IPV as the dependent variable led to significant relationships between IPV and marital status. In addition, logistic regressions indicated significant links in the young adult data between IPV and depression and anxiety symptoms. IPV during adolescence may be a different phenomenon than adult IPV or mental health symptoms may be latent variables that are reported later in life. Prevention programs for adolescents as well as young adults are encouraged. Creation-Date: 2006-02 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.525.1527&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 929 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-07-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Knab Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Knab Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irv Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irv Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: The Effects of Welfare and Child Support Policies on Maternal Health and Wellbeing Abstract: In 1996 the U.S. Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), substantially reducing a family?s rights to income support. PRWORA removed the entitlement to government-provided cash assistance and increased states? incentives to reduce welfare caseloads. At the same time it increased private responsibilities by encouraging greater work effort from mothers and more child support payments from non-resident fathers. The PRWORA provisions raised concerns within the medical community and among other advocates interested in the health and wellbeing of at-risk families. The changes to cash welfare and child support policies had potential direct and indirect consequences for women?s health. Most directly, by removing the entitlement to welfare, many feared that poor women would lose their health insurance coverage. While PRWORA included a provision to hold Medicaid eligibility constant, the administrative barriers to implementation by program staff and the confusing new rules suggested that many eligible women might lose coverage. Creation-Date: 2006-08 File-URL: http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/workingpaper06/paper28/working_paper06-28.pdf Number: 931 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-04-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Bruce Western Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Western Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Effects of Incarceration on Employment and Wages An Analysis of the Fragile Families Survey Abstract: We examine the effects of incarceration on the earnings and employment in a sample of poor fathers, using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. The Fragile Families data offer a rich set of covariates for adjusting for factors that are correlated with both incarceration and earnings. Because the survey obtains data from male respondents and their female partners, we are also able to measure incarceration more completely than with self-report data alone. Regression and propensity score analysis indicates that the employment rates of formerlyincarcerated men are about 6 percentage points lower than for similar men who have not been incarcerated. Incarceration is associated with a 14 to 26 percent decline in hourly wages. We examine also provide a sensitivity analysis that shows how results might vary in the presence of omitted variables. Creation-Date: 2006-08 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.517.388&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 932 Classification-JEL: J38 Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP06-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julien O. Teitler Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Teitler Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Author-Name: Lenna Nepomnyaschy Author-X-Name-First: Lenna Author-X-Name-Last: Nepomnyaschy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Effects of Welfare Participation on Marriage Abstract: Despite interest in the potential of the welfare system as a tool to affect marriage behaviors among low-income women, little is known about how welfare participation affects decisions to marry. We employ an event history approach to examine transitions to marriage over a five-year period among mothers who have had a non-marital birth. We find that welfare participation under the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program (TANF) reduces the likelihood of transitioning to marriage (hazard ratio is .67, p < .01), but only while the mother is receiving welfare. Once the mother leaves TANF, past receipt has little effect on marriage. We project that over an 18-year period, TANF participation results in at most a 4 to 5 percentage point reduction in marriage and a 16-month delay in marriage. We infer that the negative association between TANF participation and marriage reflects temporary economic disincentives or other short-term mechanisms rather than lasting effects on values and preferences. Creation-Date: 2006-04 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.539.7497&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 933 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP05-24-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela R. Fertig Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Fertig Author-Workplace-Name: Indiana University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara S. McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Effect of Child Support Enforcement on Bagraining Power Among Married and Cohabiting Couples Abstract: Child support enforcement policies enjoy widespread support from legislators because most people believe that fathers should support their children, even when they live in separate households. Less often emphasized is the potentially far-reaching impact of these policies on increasing the bargaining power of women. This paper examines the relationship between child support enforcement and bargaining power among married and cohabiting couples. A simple economic bargaining model predicts that living in a state with stricter child support enforcement increases the bargaining power of married mothers, who can more credibly threaten divorce. The effect on cohabiting mothers is less clear because enforcement increases a father's incentive to marry, which potentially increases his bargaining power within a cohabiting union. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find evidence that living in a state with stricter child support enforcement increases the bargaining power of married mothers, but reduces the bargaining power of cohabiting mothers. Furthermore, among mothers who were cohabiting at birth, only those who marry the father after the birth are better off in stricter states. In contrast, mothers who remain in cohabiting relationships or who break-up with the father are significantly more likely to be depressed, worried, and experience hardship in stricter enforcement states. Creation-Date: 2005-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp05-08-ff-fertig.pdf Number: 939 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP05-08-FF-fertig.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lenna Nepomnyaschy Author-X-Name-First: Lenna Author-X-Name-Last: Nepomnyaschy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Child Support and Father-Child Contact: Leveraging Panel Data to Establish a Causal Path Abstract: Three waves of panel data are used to examine the relationship between child support payments and fathers? contact with their nonmarital children. Cross-lagged effects models are incorporated to identify the direction of causality between these two behaviors. Controlling for the lagged term and a rich set of individual characteristics eliminates the relationship between paying formal support and whether fathers see their children, although a strong reciprocal relationship remains between paying any support (formal or informal) and contact. For the subgroup of fathers who consistently see their children, paying any support leads to more frequent contact, but the reciprocal relationship does not exist. Creation-Date: 2005-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp05-05-ff.pdf Number: 941 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP05-05-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristen Harknett Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Harknett Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Title: Children's Elevated Risk of Asthma in Unmarried Families: Underlying Structural and Behavioral Mechanisms Abstract: Among a recent birth cohort in U.S. cities, children were far more likely to be diagnosed with asthma and to experience an asthma-related emergency within 15 months of their birth if their parents were unmarried. Comparing babies born to parents who were married, cohabiting, and not living together at the time of their baby's birth reveals a "family structure gradient:" asthma diagnoses and emergencies increase in a linear fashion as the parents? relationship becomes weaker. This paper uses longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to provide evidence on the mechanisms underlying the relationship between family structure and children's asthma. I find that demographic and socioeconomic correlates of marriage explain asthma differences between children of married and cohabiting parents. However, children whose parents live apart appear to be at heightened risk of being diagnosed with asthma and experiencing an asthma-related emergency even after taking into account demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Mother?s health behavior explains a relatively small portion of family structure differences in asthma, and father involvement makes no difference in children?s asthma diagnosis or emergencies. Creation-Date: 2005-01 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.537.2506&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 943 Keywords: Single-Parent, Child Health, Asthma, Family Structure Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP05-01-FF-Harknett.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jean Tansey Knab Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Tansey Knab Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Cohabitation: Sharpening a Fuzzy Concept Abstract: This paper uses Fragile Families data to examine (1) the degree of correspondence between measures of cohabitation, (2) the prevalence of ?part-time? cohabitation, and (3) the extent to which the characteristics associated with cohabiting relationship are sensitive to how part-time cohabitation is classified. The results show cohabitation is a continuous rather than a dichotomous variable. At both ends of the continuum, there is substantial agreement across measures about who is (not) cohabiting. In the middle of the continuum, however, there is considerable ambiguity, with as much as 15% of couples reporting part-time cohabitation. How we classify this group will affect estimates of the prevalence of cohabitation, especially among African Americans, and may impact the characteristics and outcomes of cohabitors. Creation-Date: 2005-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp04-05-ff-knab.pdf Number: 944 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP04-05-FF-Knab.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Relationship Between Family Structure and Mothering Behavior Within Race and Ethnic Groups Abstract: Parental socialization is one pathway through which family structure affects child well-being. Because of this established link, it is important to understand the relationship between family structure and a mother?s behaviors with her children. Theory posits that family structure affects mothering behaviors through its effect on economic resources and emotional support from the mother?s partner. Mothers who are married to their child?s biological father presumably have access to the highest levels of economic resources and emotional support. These factors, in turn, reduce her levels of maternal stress and allow the mother to be a better parent. The empirical evidence linking family structure to mothering is somewhat mixed, but generally finds that stable marriages are related to better parenting. Creation-Date: 2004-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp04-06-ff-osborne.pdf Number: 948 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP04-06-FF-Osborne.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Maternal Stress and Mothering Behaviors in Stable and Unstable Families Abstract: Prior research linking family structure with parenting often confounds the effects of family structure with the effects of family instability. In this analysis, I use data from the Fragile Families Study (N= 3107) to answer two main questions: (a) Are there differences in maternal stress and mothering behaviors across stably married, cohabiting, visiting, and single-mother families? and (b) Does family instability have a negative impact on mothering behaviors? I focus specifically on the relationship between the biological parents of a one-year-old focal child. Most differences in maternal stress and mothering behaviors across stable family structures are explained by selection, with the exception that single mothers report higher levels of maternal stress. Mothers who experience instability over their child?s first year have similar levels of stress and behaviors as compared to mothers in stable relationships, with few exceptions. Creation-Date: 2004-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-08-ff-osborne.pdf Number: 951 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-08-FF-Osborne.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela R. Fertig Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Fertig Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Is Intergenerational Earnings Mobility Affected by Divorce? Abstract: This study examines whether the intergenerational transmission of human capital, measured by intergenerational earnings mobility, is affected by divorce. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I find that, with each additional year in a family involving a single or a step parent, the earnings mobility between biological fathers and children rises and the mobility between mothers and daughters falls. However, using either sibling fixed effects or instrumental variable estimation, I find that the association between family structure and father-child mobility is explained by selection. These findings have two important implications. First, they imply that the increase in father-son mobility observed in other studies can be explained by the rise in single and step parent families over the same period. Second, these findings imply that the connection between fathers and children would have been weak whether or not a divorce occurred, which does not support the hypothesis that father absence is an important factor contributing to differences in child outcomes across family structures. Creation-Date: 2004-06 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angela-Fertig/publication/24116994_Is_Intergenerational_Earnings_Mobility_Affected_by_Divorce/links/56b36cfd08ae156bc5fb26b9/Is-Intergenerational-Earnings-Mobility-Affected-by-Divorce.pdf Number: 953 Classification-JEL: J62, J12 Keywords: intergenerational earnings mobility, family structure Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP02-04-Fertig.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nancy E. Cohen Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Cohen Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Berkeley Title: Unmarried African American Fathers' Involvement with Their Infants: The Role of Couple Relationships Abstract: Almost one-third of all children and 70% of African American children in the U.S. are born to parents who are not married. At the time of children?s births, almost all unmarried fathers have contact with their infants, but this connection drops over time. This study presents a study of 55 unmarried low-income African American couples in the early months after the birth of a child. The study considers the implications of the quality of parents' couple relationship, as well as of parents' demographics, personal resources, and family structure for understanding variation in fathers' involvement with their infants. The present study is one of the first to collect in-depth observational and parent-reported data from both unmarried mothers and fathers about how their couple relationships are faring and about the fathers' involvement with their infants. Neither mothers' nor fathers' age, education, or income were linked to father involvement. Fathers of sons and fathers of daughters had similar levels of involvement with their infants. And, although fathers who lived with their infants provided more financial support, they did not necessarily provide more hands-on care of their infants compared to fathers who lived separately. The quality of the parents' relationship as a couple was linked to the father's involvement. Fathers were more involved with their children when the parents had more supportive, satisfying, and less negative relationships, both according to parents' own perceptions and as rated by independent observers who watched videotapes of the parents talking to each other. There was some indication that the link between better functioning couple relationships and greater father involvement may have held only for families with infant girls. The findings linking the quality of couple relationships and father involvement extend the well-documented conclusion from the research on married families that better functioning couple relationships are linked to greater father involvement. The findings also suggest that parents' demographics, personal resources, and coresidence may not be as central to understanding unmarried fathers' involvement with their infants as has been assumed. Creation-Date: 2003-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-13-ff-cohen.pdf Number: 954 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-13-FF-Cohen.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ariel Kalil Author-X-Name-First: Ariel Author-X-Name-Last: Kalil Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Title: Fathers' perceptions of paternal roles: Variations by marital status and living arrangement Abstract: Relying on new data from fathers in the Fragile Families and Child WellBeing survey (n=2,903), I examine fathers? reports of the ?most important? perceived paternal role among six different domains: providing economic support, direct care, love and affection, protection, discipline, and teaching the child about life. Approximately half of all fathers identified providing love and affection as the most important thing that fathers do. A substantial minority said that teaching the child about life was the key activity; whereas a relatively small proportion said that economic support and direct care were fathers' major responsibilities. Controlling for an extensive set of fathers? background characteristics and attitudes and measures of the mother-father relationship, married and cohabiting fathers differ from each other in their perceived importance of financial support; cohabiting fathers are significantly more likely than married fathers to identify this dimension of parenting as the most important one. Creation-Date: 2003-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-12-ff-kalil.pdf Number: 955 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-12-FF-Kalil.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Catherine Kenney Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Kenney Author-Workplace-Name: University of Illinois Title: HARDSHIP IN MARRIED AND COHABITING PARENT HOUSEHOLDS: DO COHABITING PARENTS UNDERINVEST IN HOUSEHOLD PUBLIC GOODS? Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which the relationship between parents in cohabiting as opposed to married households affects the material hardship experienced by members of those households. My approach is to consider the adequacy of certain household public goods, such as housing, heat, and electricity.1 Drawing from non-cooperative bargaining models of intra-household resource allocation, I test a prediction that the lower expected relationship continuity in cohabiting households leads cohabiting parents to underinvest in household public goods compared to parents in married households, holding household income constant. Creation-Date: 2003-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-11-ff-kenney.pdf Number: 956 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-11-FF-Kenney.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Margaret L. Usdansky Author-X-Name-First: Margaret Author-X-Name-Last: Usdansky Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Looking for Murphy Brown: Are College-Educated, Single Mothers Unique? Abstract: In this paper, we study the 20 percent of unmarried mothers in the U.S. who have attended college. We ask whether these women constitute a distinct subgroup of unmarried mothers in terms of their attitudes toward marriage and men, the characteristics of their partners or the age at which they become mothers. We find evidence that being college educated and single is associated with holding more independent views about marriage, with having lower-quality partners and with increased odds of becoming a mother late in life?above and beyond the main effects of education and marital status. We also find variation across race-ethnic groups. White, educated single mothers most closely resemble the image of the ?independent woman,? while African-American and Hispanic mothers are more likely to be partnered with less-educated men. Creation-Date: 2003-06 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-05-ff-usdansky.pdf Number: 957 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-05-FF-Usdansky.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristen Harknett Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Harknett Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Berkeley Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Jay Bainbridge Author-X-Name-First: Jay Author-X-Name-Last: Bainbridge Author-Workplace-Name: National Center for Children in Poverty Author-Name: Timothy Smeeding Author-X-Name-First: Timothy Author-X-Name-Last: Smeeding Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Author-Name: Nancy Folbre Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Folbre Author-Workplace-Name: University of Massachusetts, Amherst Title: Do Public Expenditures Improve Child Outcomes In the U.S.: A Comparison Across Fifty States Abstract: Our paper utilizes variation across the fifty U.S. states to examine the relationship between public expenditures on children and child outcomes. We find that public expenditures on children are related to better child outcomes across a wide range of indicators including measures of child mortality, elementary-school test scores, and adolescent behavioral outcomes. States that spend more on children have better child outcomes even after taking into account potential confounding influences. Our results are robust to numerous variations in model specifications and to the inclusion of proxies for unobserved characteristics of states. Our sensitivity analyses suggest that the results we present may be conservative, yet our findings show that public investments in children yield broad short-term returns in the form of improved child outcomes. Creation-Date: 2003-03 File-URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1809890 Number: 958 Classification-JEL: I21 Keywords: child outcomes, public expenditures, state policies, Medicaid, education Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-02-Harknett.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Gina R. Hijjawi Author-X-Name-First: Gina Author-X-Name-Last: Hijjawi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Author-Name: Melvin N. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Melvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Author-Name: Eric Turkheimer Author-X-Name-First: Eric Author-X-Name-Last: Turkheimer Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Title: An Exploratory Analysis of Father Involvement in Low-Income Families Abstract: Using data from the Fragile Families study, this paper explores factors that influence paternal involvement in low-income families. 4873 fathers from the Fragile Families study were classified using CART (Classification and Regression Tree Analysis). CART is a nonparametric technique that allows many different factors to be combined in order to classify homogeneous subgroups within a sample. The CART analysis distinguished between residential and non-residential fathers. In addition, among residential fathers, race emerged as the distinguishing factor. For White men, residential status was the only factor to affect involvement. For African American and Hispanic men however, interactions among several sociodemographic characteristics revealed that both contextual and individual factors affect paternal involvement. Results suggest that an ecological approach is necessary in the investigation of paternal involvement. Creation-Date: 2003-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp03-01-ff-hijjawi.pdf Number: 959 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP03-01-FF-Hijjawi.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: W. Bradford Wilcox Author-X-Name-First: W. Bradford Author-X-Name-Last: Wilcox Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Title: FOCUSED ON THEIR FAMILIES: Religion, Parenting, & Child Well-being Abstract: In recent years, scholars have drawn attention to religious commitments to patriarchy and parental authority to argue that religion?especially conservative Protestantism?fosters an authoritarian approach to parenting. Indeed, using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), this study does find that religious attendance and theological conservatism are associated with higher levels of corporal punishment among parents?potentially an indicator of authoritarian parenting. But religious attendance and theological conservatism are also associated with lower levels of parental yelling and with higher levels of praising and hugging among parents, which are indicators of an authoritative style of parenting. Moreover, data from the Survey of Adults and Youth (SAY) indicate that religious attendance and orthodoxy are generally associated with greater parental investments in childrearing, more intergenerational closure, and more social control. In other words, conservative Protestants, Orthodox Jews, traditional Catholics, and other parents who regularly attend religious services are more likely than other parents to adopt an authoritative style of parenting that is beneficial to children. Creation-Date: 2002-07 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24117001_Focused_on_Their_Families_Religion_Parenting_and_Child_Well-Being Number: 961 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP02-12-Wilcox.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Julien O. Teitler Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Teitler Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Role of Welfare in New Parents' Lives Abstract: Welfare caseloads have declined substantially since the landmark PRWORA legislation of 1996, which was designed to shift the burden of supporting needy families from government to families themselves. These caseload declines have been well documented, and characteristics of recipients following the implementation of PRWORA can be gleaned from administrative and agency records. Less readily available is documentation of recent rates of welfare dependency for specific population subgroups. Mothers giving birth in the aftermath of the 1996 legislation are of particular interest since they are more likely than other potential recipients to meet work requirements and hit time limits before their children are in school. Creation-Date: 2002-06 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp02-11-ff-reichman.pdf Number: 962 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP02-11-FF-Reichman.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald B. Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Chien-Chung Huang Author-X-Name-First: Chien-Chung Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Title: The M Word: The Rise and Fall of Interracial Coalitions On Fathers And Welfare Reform Abstract: Buoyed by the success of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), whose time limits and work requirements played a large role in the reduction of the welfare rolls, conservative advocates of welfare reform are now moving to ensure that our welfare system reflects traditional family values as well. Responding to this sentiment, the Bush Administration is encouraging states to use TANF to support marriage promotion efforts and the Administration's 2002 budget includes $100 million in support of demonstration projects to promote marriage (source). By contrast, the $60 million President Bush had committed to support efforts to promote responsible fatherhood, not restricted to marriage, has been pared back to $20 million, along with cutbacks in other domestic initiatives that are needed to pay for the "war against terrorism." Creation-Date: 2002-05 File-URL: http://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-and-sciences/center-for-family-and-demographic-research/documents/working-papers/2002/CFDR-Working-Paper-2002-07-The-M-Word-The-Rise-and-Fall-of-Interracial-Coalitions-On-Fathers-And-Welfare-Reform.pdf Number: 963 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP02-07-FF-Mincy.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jackie Araneo Author-X-Name-First: Jackie Author-X-Name-Last: Araneo Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Effects of Maternal Employment on Childhood Obesity in the United States Abstract: Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), reports that from 1971 to 2004, obesity rates have increased from 5% to 13.9% among two- to five-year-olds, from 4% to 18.8% among six- to eleven-year-olds, and from 6.1% to 17.4% among twelve- to nineteen-year-olds (CDC, 2007). Increases in childhood obesity have been especially pronounced among low-income children from racial and ethnic minority groups. This vast increase in the number of obese children is a major cause for alarm because of the many health problems associated with being overweight. Creation-Date: 2008-04 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp08-13-ff.pdf Number: 1083 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-13-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald B. Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Who Should Marry Whom? : Multiple Partner Fertility Among New Parents Abstract: This paper documents the extent and correlates of multiple partner fertility among parents in the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Survey in order to assess the opportunities and challenges that await marriage promotion policies which are attracting the attention of policy makers. We find that the majority of mothers who responded to the baseline and 12-month follow-up surveys are not first time mothers and the majority of mothers with two or more children have had at least one child with someone other than the father of their newborn. According to mothers? reports, fathers are equally likely to exhibit multiple partner fertility. While the descriptive analysis cannot speak to causation, our results are certainly consistent with the hypothesis that multiple partner fertility reduces the probability of marriage for mothers and fathers. Multiple partner fertility is rare among teenaged mothers, but fairly high among African American mothers and fathers, which may help to explain the low-marriage probabilities. Our results suggest that marriage promotion strategies will have their greatest opportunity among unwed mothers in their early twenties and the fathers of their children, but high rates of multiple partner fertility are expected to reduce the effective of such efforts among African Americans. Creation-Date: 2002-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp02-02-ff-mincy.pdf Number: 964 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP02-03-FF-Mincy.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald B. Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Chien-Chung Huang Author-X-Name-First: Chien-Chung Author-X-Name-Last: Huang Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Title: "Just Get Me to the Church…": Assessing Policies to Promote Marriage Among Fragile Families. Abstract: This article examines alternative approaches to encourage family formation among fragile families, including higher cash benefits, more liberal acceptance of welfare applications, more effective child support enforcement, and efforts to increase education and employment of low-income parents. We examine these approaches by refining and expanding previous work on a generalized logit model of the mothers? actual family formation outcomes, in a hierarchy that includes father absence, father involvement, cohabitation, and marriage. Refinements involve measurements of family formation that make our results more comparable to other studies and new controls for previous fertility with the father of the focal child and with another partner (multiple partner fertility). We estimate these models using interim data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being 12 month follow-up Survey. The results indicate that, unlike their effects on mature families, cash benefits increase the odds of family formation (short of marriage) among fragile families and effective child support enforcement increases the odds of marriage. However, the father?s employment status outweighs the effects of these traditional income security policies on family formation, because it affects outcomes all along the hierarchy, including marriage, and its effects are larger. Unlike previous research, our data on previous fertility enables us to separate the effects of previous children in common from multiple partner fertility on family formation. Both significantly affect family formation (though in opposite directions), but even after including these variables, blacks, who are more likely to bring children from previous unions into a new union, have substantially lower odds of cohabitation and marriage than non-Hispanic whites. Creation-Date: 2002-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp02-02-ff-mincy.pdf Number: 965 Classification-JEL: J12, J13 Keywords: marriage, family formation Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:2002-02-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: DIVERSITY AMONG UNMARRIED PARENTS: HUMAN CAPITAL, ATTITUDES, AND RELATIONSHIP QUALITY Abstract: As policy makers seek to devise programs to promote healthy marriages among unmarried parents, significant differences between married and unmarried parents as well as differences among unmarried parents must be taken into account. A majority of unmarried parents express a desire to marry, but many obstacles exist to forming stable unions. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing survey to answer the following questions: How different are unmarried parents from married parents in terms of their demographic characteristics, human capital, economic resources, attitudes about marriage and gender roles, and relationship quality? How do unmarried parents differ among themselves on these domains? How important are marriage expectations in differentiating unmarried parents? And to what extent do differences in demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status explain differences in attitudes and relationship quality? The results suggest that expectations of marriage are a key indicator of a couple?s marriage potential. Comparing married parents to unmarried parents, based on their living arrangement alone, provides incomplete information regarding the differences in human capital, attitudes, and relationship quality. Cohabitors and visitors are quite similar on most domains. However, mothers with high expectations of marriage have attitudes more favorable for marriage and better relationship quality than do mothers with low marriage intentions, even after controlling for their higher human capital. These results have important implications in targeting effective policies to help stabilize fragile families. Creation-Date: 2002-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp02-01-ff-osborne.pdf Number: 966 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP02-01-FF-Osborne.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julien O. Teitler Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Teitler Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Cohabitation: An Elusive Concept Abstract: Rates of out-of-wedlock births in the US have increased over the past three decades and rates of cohabitation among unwed parents have risen. Consequently, unwed parenthood is decreasingly synonymous with single parenthood. As we focus more attention on unwed parents, their living arrangements, and relationships, it is becoming clear that cohabitation is an ambiguous concept that is difficult to measure. In this study, we use the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing data to document how sensitive cohabitation estimates can be to various sources of information and we demonstrate that relationships among unwed parents fall along a continuum, from marriage-like cohabitation at one extreme to parents who have no contact at all with one another at the other. The results underscore the limitations of using binary measures of cohabitation to characterize parent relationships. Creation-Date: 2001-07 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp01-07-ff-teitler.pdf Number: 967 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP01-07-FF-Teitler.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lauren M. Rich Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: Rich Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Author-Name: Sun-Bin Kim Author-X-Name-First: Sun-Bin Author-X-Name-Last: Kim Author-Workplace-Name: Concordia University Title: Taxes and Unmarried Fathers' Participation in the Underground Economy Abstract: In this paper we employ data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study in order to estimate a model of underground labor supply developed by Lemieux et al. (1994). We focus specifically on the underground labor supply of unmarried fathers, a group that is likely to have significant involvement in the underground economy. We also extend the empirical analysis of Lemieux et al. by taking into account exogenous state and local variation in marginal tax rates, as well as sociodemographic variables related to the likelihood of participation in the underground. In accordance with expectations, we find that a significant proportion of unmarried fathers report participation in the underground. However, although the theoretical model predicts a positive relationship between the tax rate and underground hours of work (under certain conditions), we find that the effect of the tax rate on hours is statistically indistinguishable from zero, even after including exogenous variation in tax rates. We also fail to find a positive and statistically significant effect of the tax rate on participation in the underground. Within the context of the model, these results have specific implications for the magnitudes of the probability of detection and the penalty on evaded tax. Therefore, we conclude that additional empirical information is needed regarding these parameters. Future research might also employ other datasets in the estimation of the theoretical model outlined by Lemieux et al., as well as investigate the applicability of other models of underground labor supply. Creation-Date: 2001-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp01-19-ff-rich.pdf Number: 970 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP01-19-FF-Rich.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: SHARED PARENTING IN FRAGILE FAMILIES Abstract: This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the frequency of parent-child interaction in several areas across a range of family types. Overall, we find that few individual characteristics of mothers or fathers are consistently associated with how often parents engage in activities with their one-year-old children. The nature of parents? relationship, however, does appear to be important for parenting. Non-resident fathers exhibit significantly lower levels of interaction with their children in activities such as care giving, playing and cognitive stimulation, than resident fathers. In addition, the father?s supportiveness toward the mother affects several mother-child and father-child activities. Future research with a larger sample and a greater number of comparable parenting items will be useful for improving our understanding of how mother-father relationships, mothers? parenting, and fathers? parenting are linked to each other and, ultimately, to children?s wellbeing. Creation-Date: 2001-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp01-16-ff-carlson.pdf Number: 971 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP01-16-FF-Carlson.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Melvin N. Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Melvin Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Author-Name: LaKeesha N. Woods Author-X-Name-First: LaKeesha Author-X-Name-Last: Woods Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Author-Name: Karen M. Schmidt Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Schmidt Author-Workplace-Name: University of Virginia Title: THE INFLUENCE OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS ON FATHERS' BEHAVIORS AND ATTITUDES Abstract: The present study examines the impact of young, poor, unwed fathers on their family by investigating the influence of depressive symptom frequency on fathers' relationship with their children and partners. Couples from seven American cities with populations over 200,000 were recruited and interviewed about such areas of life as romantic and parental relationships, health, and employment at the hospital within 24 hours after the birth of their child. An Item Response Theory (IRT) within-group analysis of the 1,759 African-, Caucasian-, Hispanic-, Asian-, and Native American fathers in the study yielded a 3-class clustering of depressive symptoms. Class 1 fathers had the lowest frequency of depressive symptom expression; class 2 fathers had a low frequency; and class 3 fathers had low to medium rates of depressive symptoms. Multivariate statistics revealed that depressive class membership predicted domestic violence toward fathers' partners but not affection toward their children. The importance of the parental behavior of teaching children about life, however, varied by class, with class 2 fathers most highly endorsing this behavior. Implications of young, unwed, poor fathers' behaviors and attitudes toward their children and romantic partners will be discussed in terms of men's contributions to family life. Creation-Date: 2001-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp01-10-ff-wilson2.pdf Number: 972 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP01-10-FF-Wilson2.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Karen Christopher Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Christopher Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pittsburgh Author-Name: Paula England Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: England Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Katherin Ross Author-X-Name-First: Katherin Author-X-Name-Last: Ross Author-Workplace-Name: The Urban Institute Author-Name: Tim Smeeding Author-X-Name-First: Tim Author-X-Name-Last: Smeeding Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Title: Gender Inequality in Poverty in Affluent Nations: The Role of Single Motherhood and the State Abstract: Women have higher poverty rates than men in almost all societies (Casper et al. 1994). In this paper, we compare modern nations on this dimension. We use the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) to compare women's and men's poverty rates in eight Western industrialized countries circa the early 1990s: the United States, Australia, Canada, France, West Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. We define individuals to be in poverty if they live in households with incomes below half the median for their nation. We examine, for each country, the ratio of women?s to men?s poverty rate. We then use simple demographic simulation methods to estimate how this gender disparity is affected by how prevalent single motherhood is, and by state tax and transfer programs that may particularly help households headed by women. Creation-Date: 2000-12 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.23.8854&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 976 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP00-12-Christopher.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kristen Harknett Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Harknett Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Fragile Families and Welfare Reform Abstract: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) is designed to shift more of the responsibility for poor children from government to parents. To accomplish this goal, the new law requires welfare clients to work and limits the total number of years they can receive assistance. In addition, the new legislation requires unwed fathers to establish paternity and strengthens child support enforcement among nonresident fathers. Although many people believe that poor children would be better off if their mothers worked and their fathers were more involved in their upbringing, the scientific evidence for these assumptions is weak. We know very little about the ability of poor parents to support their children, and we know even less about their ability to cooperate with one another. Creation-Date: 1999-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp99-11-ff-garfinkel.pdf Number: 980 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP99-11-FF-Garfinkel.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: The Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study: Questions, Design, and a Few Preliminary Results Abstract: Nonmarital childbearing is important because it is increasing and because there is concern (and some evidence) that it is damaging to children and perhaps parents as well. We refer to the unions of unwed parents as fragile families because they are similar to traditional families in many respects, but more vulnerable. Most people believe that children in fragile families would be better off if their parents lived together and their fathers were more involved in their upbringing. Indeed, public policy is now attempting to enlarge the role of unwed fathers both by cutting public cash support for single mothers and by strengthening paternity establishment and child support enforcement. Yet the scientific basis for these policies is weak. We know very little about the men who father children outside marria ge, and we know even less about the nature of their relationships with their children and their children?s mothers. The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFS) is designed to remedy this situation by following a new birth cohort of approximately 4,700 children, including 3,600 children born to unmarried parents. The new data will be representative of nonmarital births in each of 20 cities and in U.S. cities with populations over 200,000. Both mothers and fathers will be followed for at least 4 years, and inhome assessments of children?s heath and development will be carried out when the child is 4 years old. The survey is designed to address the following questions: (1) What are the conditions and capabilities of new unwed parents, especially fathers? (2) What is the nature of the relationships in fragile families? (3) What factors push new unwed parents together and what factors pull them apart? In particular, how do labor markets, welfare, and child support public policies affect family formation? (4) How do children fare in fragile families and how is their well-being affected by parental capacities and relationships, and by public policies? The paper discusses what we know about each of these questions and how the FFS addresses each of them. It also presents preliminary findings based on data from Austin, Texas, and Oakland, California. Creation-Date: 2000-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp00-07-ff-mclanahan.pdf Number: 982 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP00-07-FF-McLanahan.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maureen Waller Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Author-X-Name-Last: Waller Author-Workplace-Name: Public Policy Institute of California Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: UNMARRIED PARENTS AND MODELS OF FATHERHOOD: NEW OR CONVENTIONAL IDEAS ABOUT PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT? Creation-Date: 1999-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp99-08-ff-waller.pdf Number: 986 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP99-08-FF-Waller.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: David J. Harding Author-X-Name-First: David Author-X-Name-Last: Harding Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: MEASURING CHILDREN'S TIME USE: A REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES AND FINDINGS Abstract: For those interested in child wellbeing, time use can provide an unusually objective measure of exactly what youth are doing. Before we can evaluate how well children are doing and why some are doing better than others, it is important to understand what they are doing, with whom, and in which social contexts and institutions. The report is intended to serve as a basic starting point for those interested in pursuing research in children and adolescents? time use. It presents an overview of recent research on how American youth use time, focusing on methodological issues in measuring their time use and highlighting substantive findings from the literature. The procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of the three primary methods of measuring children?s time use, along with general issues which are relevant to all three methods, are discussed. Findings include general results about how youth divide their time between life?s domains such as work, maintenance, and leisure, relationships between time use and outcomes, and how youth differ in time use by race, class, gender, and age, with special attention paid to the area which has inspired the most time-use research, girls' and boys' household work. Creation-Date: 1997-10 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.950.6041&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 987 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP97-01-Harding.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robert Kaestner Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Kaestner Author-Workplace-Name: Baruch College Author-Name: Nancy Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Theodore Joyce Author-X-Name-First: Theodore Author-X-Name-Last: Joyce Author-Workplace-Name: Baruch College Title: Effect of Insurance on Infant Health: A Case Study of Low-Income Women in New Jersey Abstract: There have been relatively few evaluations of the effect of private insurance and Medicaid on infant health, and results from previous studies are inconclusive. The objective of this study if to estimate the effect of private insurance coverage and Medicaid participation on birth weight and the incidence of low-birth weight controlling for non-random selection of insurance status. Our data consist of vital records that have been linked to hospital discharge records and Medicaid claims for all births to women in New Jersey in the years 1989 and 1990. We use ordinary least squares regression and instrumental variables procedures to obtain estimates of the effect of insurance status on birth weight. We limit our analysis to low-income women as this is the population most at risk of an adverse birth outcome and the target of Medicaid. The results indicate that Medicaid has a small effect on the incidence of low-birth weight for black women, but has little effect on average birth weight for low-income women. Our preferred estimates suggest that Medicaid participation reduces the incidence of low-birth weight for black women by between 5 and 10 percent. A similar finding was found with regard to private insurance. Private insurance had little effect on average birth weight for both black and white women, and reduced the incidence of low-birth weight for black and white women by between 15 and 25 percent. Creation-Date: 1998-01 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24117026_Effect_of_Insurance_on_Infant_Health_A_Case_Study_of_Low-Income_Women_in_New_Jersey Number: 988 Keywords: Insurance, Medicaid, Infants Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP98-30-Kaestner.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maria Hanratty Author-X-Name-First: Maria Author-X-Name-Last: Hanratty Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Becky Pettit Author-X-Name-First: Becky Author-X-Name-Last: Pettit Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: THE IMPACT OF THE LOS ANGELES MOVING OPPORTUNITY PROGRAM ON RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, NEIGHBORHOOD CHARACTERISTICS, AND EARLY CHILD AND PARENT OUTCOMES Abstract: This study provides an evaluation of the early impacts of the Los Angeles site of the Moving to Opportunity program (MTO). It finds that both MTO and Section 8 groups moved to neighborhoods with much higher socioeconomic levels than the Control group. While on average, MTO and Section 8 neighborhoods were often similar, the MTO group was both more likely to move to low-poverty neighborhoods (58% vs 1%) and more likely to remain in a high-poverty neighborhoods (32% vs 17%) than the Section 8 group. Both MTO and Section 8 groups achieved substantial reductions in neighborhood crime rates and substantial increases in perceived neighborhood safety levels relative to the Control group. In addition, parents in both treatment groups report increases in hours and earnings, increases in utilization of center based child care, and reductions in hospital emergency care. With respect to social capital the evidence is mixed. Parents in both treatment groups report reductions in church activity and are somewhat less likely to have friends and family in their neighborhood than the Control group. However, these parents are no less likely to be involved in their children’s activities, and their children are just as likely to have friends in the neighborhood. Creation-Date: 1998-04 File-URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6885469.pdf Number: 990 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP98-18-Hanratty.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Hongxin Zhao Author-X-Name-First: Hongxin Author-X-Name-Last: Zhao Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Waldo Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Waldo Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Title: Unwed Fathers and Fragile Families Abstract: Nearly a third of all births in the United States today occur to parents who are not legally married. The proportions are even higher among poor and minority populations, 40% among Hispanics, and 70% among blacks (Ventura et al. 1995). Out-of-wedlock childbearing is occurring with increasing frequency in nearly all western industrialized countries. Indeed, the proportion of children born outside marriage is even higher in the Scandinavian countries than it is in the U.S. (McLanahan and Casper 1996). However, the U.S. is somewhat unique with respect to the involvement of unwed fathers in the lives of their children. Whereas in the western European countries, the vast majority of unmarried parents are living together when their child is born, in the U.S. only about 25% of unwed parents are cohabiting (Bumpass and Sweet 1989). At first glance, these figures would seem to suggest that American men who father children outside marriage are less attached to their children than European men. This impression is further reinforced by research which shows that a substantial proportion of never married fathers have virtually no contact with their children (McLanahan and Sandefur 1994). Creation-Date: 1998-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp98-12-ff-mclanahan.pdf Number: 991 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:wp98-12-FF-McLanahan.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angus Deaton Author-X-Name-First: Angus Author-X-Name-Last: Deaton Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Christina Paxson Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Paxson Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: POVERTY AMONG CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Abstract: This paper is concerned with the measurement of the relative poverty of people in different age groups in developing countries. In many instances it is useful to know, for example, whether a higher fraction of children are in poverty than are adults. However, it is difficult to make even simple poverty comparisons of this sort. A perennial difficulty is the passage from household data to individual welfare. We need to document the poverty and living standards of individuals, not households. Yet almost all of our data come from household surveys that collect data on the incomes or consumption expenditures of households or families. Although more could be done to collect data on individual income, consumption, and intrahousehold transfers, there are both conceptual and practical problems in directly observing individual levels of living. Many goods are pooled so that it is close to impossible to disentangle individual consumption levels, and there are important family public goods where consumption by one person does not exclude, or only partially excludes consumption by another. Creation-Date: 1997-11 File-URL: https://rpds.princeton.edu/sites/rpds/files/media/deaton_paxson_poverty_children_paper.pdf Number: 992 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP98-09-Deaton.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Maureen R. Waller Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Author-X-Name-Last: Waller Author-Workplace-Name: Cornell University Author-Name: Marianne Bitler Author-X-Name-First: Marianne Author-X-Name-Last: Bitler Author-Workplace-Name: University of California-Irvine, NBER, and IZA Title: The Consequences of Couples' Pregnancy Intentions for Early Parental Behaviors and Infant Health: Does It Matter Who Is Asked? Abstract: Previous research has found that pregnancy intentions are predictive of some early parental behaviors and infant health outcomes. However, most studies have relied on mothers? reports of pregnancy intentions and have examined only maternal behaviors which may affect children?s health. This analysis draws on baseline data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a 20-city study of unmarried parents and their children, to examine the relationship between pregnancy intentions and early parental and child outcomes. The study takes advantage of data collected from fathers and mothers to look at an alternate measure of pregnancy intention whether either parent considered abortion at the time they learned of the pregnancy and whether it is associated with maternal and paternal behaviors during the pregnancy and with infant birth weight. Results from regression analyses show that mothers are less likely to initiate early prenatal care and fathers are less likely to make cash or in-kind contributions during the pregnancy when one or both parents considered abortion. Which parents' intentions are influential varies by outcome as well as by which parent reported it. Having both parents or the mother only consider abortion is also negatively associated with mothers; reports of all parental behaviors, while having both parents or the father only consider abortion is negatively associated with fathers? reports of their in-kind contributions and both parents' reports of fathers' cash contributions. Parents' considerations are not significantly associated with infant birth weight. For early initiation of prenatal care, mothers? reports of having considered abortion are consequential but fathers' reports are not. Fathers' considerations matter for their reports of their own contributions, but these outcomes are even worse when both parents considered abortion. Because findings differ by each parent's intentions and by which parent reported paternal contributions, future research examining the consequences of pregnancy intention should examine measures of pregnancy intention and paternal behaviors reported by both parents. Creation-Date: 2007-10 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.6493&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1013 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Wildeman Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Wildeman Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Paternal Incarceration and Children's Aggressive Behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Abstract: Incarceration diminishes the life-chances of adults, but little is known about how parental incarceration affects children. Effects on early childhood aggressive behaviors are especially significant because of connections between early childhood aggression and future criminality. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort study of children born in urban centers at the close of the 20th century, this paper considers the effects of paternal incarceration on children's aggressive behaviors at age 5. Results show strong effects of paternal incarceration on aggressive behaviors for boys but not girls. Results also show that effects are concentrated among boys living with a father at the time of his incarceration. The use of various modeling strategies and alternate dependent and independent variables demonstrates the robustness of the finding -- and shows that effects are largest on physically aggressive acts, precisely the acts most strongly connected with future criminal activity. By increasing boy's aggression, paternal incarceration may promote the intergenerational transmission of crime and incarceration. In so doing, high levels of paternal incarceration could not only compromise public safety but also provide the groundwork for a permanently disadvantaged class for whom contact with the criminal justice system is normal. Creation-Date: 2008-01 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.557.5129&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1014 Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-02-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Terry-Ann Craigie Author-X-Name-First: Terry-Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Craigie Author-Workplace-Name: Michigan State University Title: Effects of Paternal Presence and Family Stability on Child Cognitive Performance Abstract: This study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to examine the effects of a father?s presence on the cognitive performance of his pre-school aged child. Cognitive performance is measured by the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), a well-known indicator of cognitive ability and academic readiness for young children. Like previous studies, the richness of the data is exploited by including numerous covariates in the OLS regression model. In addition, the study also employs a Proxy Variable-OLS Solution to dealing with the problem of omitted variable bias. Subsequently, causal inferences can be made from the empirical findings. The study finds two distinct effects of paternal presence based on whether the child belongs to a stable versus disruptive family structure. The empirical results indicate that cognitive outcomes are statistically similar for children in stable single-parent and stable two-parent family households. However, disruptive family structures, characterized by a father?s partial presence in the home, are shown to have deleterious effects on cognitive performance compared to a stable single-parent family structure where the father has never even been present. One profound implication of these findings is the importance of family stability above family structure in producing positive child outcomes. Moreover, there is suggestive evidence that the effect of disruptive paternal presence is significantly larger for girls than for boys. Creation-Date: 2008-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp08-03-ff.pdf Number: 1015 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-03-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rebecca M. Ryan Author-X-Name-First: Rebecca Author-X-Name-Last: Ryan Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Author-Name: Ariel Kalil Author-X-Name-First: Ariel Author-X-Name-Last: Kalil Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Author-Name: Lindsey J. Leininger Author-X-Name-First: Lindsey Author-X-Name-Last: Leininger Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Title: Unwed Mothers' Private Safety Nets and Children's Socioemotional Wellbeing Abstract: Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,162) and the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies (N = 1,308), we estimate associations between material and instrumental support available to unwed, low-income mothers and young children?s socioemotional wellbeing. In multivariate OLS models, we find mothers' available support is negatively associated with children's behavior problems and positively associated with prosocial behavior in both datasets; associations between available support and children's internalizing and prosocial behaviors attenuate but remain robust in residualized change models. Overall, results support the hypothesis that the availability of a private safety net is positively associated with children's socioemotional adjustment. Creation-Date: 2008-03 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23544095_Unwed_Mothersa_Private_Safety_Nets_and_Childrenas_Socioemotional_Wellbeing Number: 1017 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-05-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lisa M. Bates Author-X-Name-First: Lisa Author-X-Name-Last: Bates Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Julien O. Teitler Author-X-Name-First: Julien Author-X-Name-Last: Teitler Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Immigration and low birthweight in the US: The role of time and timing Abstract: The literature exploring the health consequences of immigration is largely dominated by efforts to replicate, across outcomes and populations, and explain two widely observed findings: that foreign nativity is protective (yielding the "healthy migrant effect" or "immigrant paradox") and that the health advantage of immigrants diminishes over time in the host country. In this study, we focus on the second of these patterns and provide evidence that a lifecourse perspective can help to explain the apparent deterioration in health by incorporating attention to immigrants' timing of arrival. We examine the role of immigrants' exposure to the US, in terms of both age at immigration and length of residence, in shaping birthweight, a well measured and consequential marker of health, and maternal smoking, an important risk factor for low birthweight. Creation-Date: 2008-07 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp08-15-ff.pdf Number: 1085 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-15-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Paula Fomby Author-X-Name-First: Paula Author-X-Name-Last: Fomby Author-Workplace-Name: University of Colorado Denver Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas, Austin Title: The Relative Effects of Family Instability and Mother/Partner Conflict on Children's Externalizing Behavior Abstract: A growing body of research has found support for the idea that children?s behavioral development and school performance may be influenced as much by multiple changes in family composition during childhood as by the quality and character of the families in which children reside at any given point (Cavanagh and Huston 2006; Cavanagh, Schiller, and Riegle-Crumb 2006; Fomby and Cherlin 2007; Heard 2007a; Heard 2007b; Heaton and Forste 2007; Osborne and McLanahan 2007; Wu 1996; Wu and Martinson 1993; Wu and Thomson 2001). Much of the research on instability has focused specifically on the effects for children of experiencing the repeated formation and dissolution of cohabiting and marital unions. Underlying the research on the effects of union instability is the concept that children and their parents or parent-figures form a functioning family system, and repeated disruptions to that system, caused by either the addition or departure of a parent?s partner or spouse, may lead to behaviors with potentially deleterious long-term consequences. Creation-Date: 2008-05 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.539.5121&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1077 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-07-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Bruce Western Author-X-Name-First: Bruce Author-X-Name-Last: Western Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard University Title: Incarceration and Support for Children in Fragile Families Abstract: Incarceration is widespread in the United States, and previous literature has shown significant negative effects of incarceration on later employment, earnings, and relationship stability. Given the high rates of fatherhood among men in jails and prisons, a large number of children are placed at considerable risk when a parent is incarcerated. This paper examines one dimension of the economic risk faced by children of incarcerated fathers: the reduction in the financial support that they receive. We use a population-based sample of urban children to examine the effects of incarceration on this support. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models, as well as a propensity score matching analysis, indicate that men with incarceration histories are significantly less likely to contribute to their families and those that do contribute provide significantly less. Moreover, sensitivity analysis suggests that these differences are unlikely to be a result of unobserved heterogeneity between incarcerated and never-incarcerated fathers. The negative effects of incarceration on fathers? financial support are due not only to diminished performance in the labor market by formerly incarcerated men, but also to their increased likelihood to live apart from their children. Men contribute far less through child support (formal or informal) than they do when they share their earnings within their household, suggesting that the destabilizing effects of incarceration on family relationships place children at significant economic disadvantage. Creation-Date: 2009-02 File-URL: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8WD46DM Number: 1079 Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-09-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Percheski Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Percheski Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Maternal Employment After a Birth: Examining Variations by Family Structure Abstract: Employment rates for married and unmarried mothers in the United States crossed over in the early 1990s, leading to questions about how marital status and family structure affect contemporary maternal employment. A mother's family structure whether she is married, cohabiting or living without a partner may affect her employment through her family's income needs, the instrumental and social support she receives, and her perceived security to pursue her preferred level of employment. Additionally, if a woman has a husband or cohabiting partner, she may take his preference for her employment level into account. Alternatively, selection may explain the association between family structure and maternal employment. In this analysis, I describe how the employment of mothers varies by family structure in the five years after giving birth. Before taking demographic or human capital characteristics into account, married, cohabiting and lone mothers have similar levels of employment. Using covariate adjustments to account for differences in selection, I find that married mothers work less on average than unmarried mothers, and that cohabiting and lone unmarried mothers have very similar employment levels. Family income, family wealth, partner characteristics, and sex role attitudes do not explain this marriage effect. I argue that married mothers work less because they have greater perceived economic security, enabling them to pursue their preferred level of employment when their children are very young. Black married mothers are exceptional; on average, they work more than married white or Hispanic mothers and have similar employment levels as black unmarried mothers. This unique pattern may re ect lower economic security among black married women or a unique set of cultural values regarding the combination of childrearing and employment. Creation-Date: 2008-11 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp08-18-ff.pdf Number: 1130 Classification-JEL: J300, D600, I190, J120, J130 Keywords: Employment, motherhood, martial status, family structure Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-18-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Audrey N. Beck Author-X-Name-First: Audrey Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Carey E. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Carey Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara S. McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Relationship Transitions and Maternal Parenting Abstract: We use data from the Fragile Families Study (N=1975) to examine the relationship between mothers? partnership changes and parenting behavior during the first five years of their child?s life. We compare coresidential and dating transitions and recent and more distal transitions. We also examine interactions between transitions and race/ethnicity, maternal education and family structure at birth. Findings indicate that both coresidential and dating transitions are associated with higher levels of maternal stress and harsh parenting, with recent transitions having stronger associations than distal transitions. Maternal education significantly moderates these associations, disadvantaging children of less educated mothers in terms of maternal stress, and children of more educated mothers in terms of literacy activities. Creation-Date: 2009-01 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carey-Cooper/publication/24046675_Relationship_Transitions_and_Maternal_Parenting/links/0fcfd50e726432a6f1000000/Relationship-Transitions-and-Maternal-Parenting.pdf Number: 1131 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, I190, J120, J130 Keywords: parenting, family instability, family structure, Fragile Families, nonmarital births Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP08-12-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jodi Berger Cardoso Author-X-Name-First: Jodi Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Cardoso Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas at Austin Author-Name: McClain Sampson Author-X-Name-First: McClain Author-X-Name-Last: Sampson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas at Austin Author-Name: Yolanda Chavez Padilla Author-X-Name-First: Yolanda Author-X-Name-Last: Chavez Padilla Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas at Austin Title: Application of Belsky's Parenting Stress Model to Hispanic Mothers: A Racial and Ethnic Comparative Analysis Abstract: Maternal parenting stress is associated with lower levels of life satisfaction and marital satisfaction, poor parent-child communication and disruptive child behavior. Belsky?s process model of parenting suggests that stress is influenced by three domains: maternal, child and contextual factors. While this conceptual framework is often used to study stress, this model has not been tested with Hispanic mothers. The current study uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study to explore patterns in parenting stress among Hispanic mothers in comparison to non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black mothers. Findings from our study reveal that the predictors of stress among Hispanic mothers differ from those observed for non- Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black mothers. Maternal characteristics, including health and mental health, and education play a less significant role for Hispanics, which is not consistent with Belsky?s model. Albeit exploratory, this study suggests we should to take a closer look at the unique mechanisms affecting Hispanic mental health. Creation-Date: 2009-01 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24046676_Application_of_Belskyas_Parenting_Stress_Model_to_Hispanic_Mothers_A_Racial_and_Ethnic_Comparative_Analysis Number: 1132 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, I190, J120, J130; I12 Keywords: Parenting, stress, Hispanic mothers, mental health, Fragile Families Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara S. McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sarah O. Meadows Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Meadows Author-Workplace-Name: RAND Corporation Author-Name: Ronald B. Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Unmarried Fathers' Earnings Trajectories: Does Partnership Status Matter? Abstract: Married men earn more than unmarried men. Previous research suggests that marriage itself causes some of the difference, but includes few men who fathered children out of wedlock. This paper asks whether increasing marriage (and possibly cohabitation) following a non-marital birth is likely to increase fathers' earnings and labor supply. The analyses are based on a new birth cohort study the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study which follows unmarried parents for the first five years after their child's birth. Results provide some support for the idea that increasing marriage will lead to increased fathers' earnings. Creation-Date: 2009-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp09-02-ff.pdf Number: 1133 Classification-JEL: J300, D600, I190, J120, J130 Keywords: Cohabitation, marriage, income, men, males, earnings, income, children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-02-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Claire M. Kamp Dush Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Kamp Dush Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University Author-Name: Kate S. Adkins Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Adkins Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University Title: The Mental Health of Mothers and Fathers Before and After Cohabitation and Marital Dissolution Abstract: Using data from years one and three of the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, changes in depressive and anxious symptoms are compared for mothers and fathers who: 1) dissolve a cohabitating union versus remain intact; 2) dissolve a marital union versus remain intact; and 3) dissolve a cohabiting as compared to a marital union. In order to take into account potential sources of third variable bias from selection factors that differentiate those who are in cohabitations from those who are in marriages, mothers and fathers were matched on several sociodemographic control variables that research has demonstrated to be related to union formation and mental health outcomes. Results indicated that fathers who dissolve cohabitating or marital unions have greater increases in depressive and anxious symptoms over time than those who remain in their unions. In contrast, mothers increased in depressive and anxious symptoms, regardless of the type or stability of the union. For both mothers and fathers, no differences were found in change in mental health by type of union dissolution. In this low income sample of parents, results suggest that the impact of cohabitation and marital dissolution on mental health are similar in magnitude. Creation-Date: 2009-01 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24046678_THE_MENTAL_HEALTH_OF_MOTHERS_AND_FATHERS_BEFORE_AND_AFTER_COHABITATION_AND_MARITAL_DISSOLUTION Number: 1134 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, I190, J120, J130; I12 Keywords: Depression, fragile families, marriage, cohabitation, income, mental health Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-03-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Tara Watson Author-X-Name-First: Tara Author-X-Name-Last: Watson Author-Workplace-Name: Williams College, University of Michigan, and NBER Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Marriage Meets the Joneses: Relative Income, Identity, and Marital Status Abstract: In this paper we investigate the effect of relative income on marital status. We develop an identity model based on Akerlof and Kranton (2000) and apply it to the marriage decision. The empirical evidence is consistent with the idea that people are more likely to marry when their incomes approach a financial level associated with idealized norms of marriage. We hypothesize that the marriage ideal is determined by the median income in an individual?s local reference group. After controlling flexibly for the absolute level of income and a number of other factors, the ratio between a man?s income and the marriage ideal is a strong predictor of marital status but only if he is below the ideal. For white men, relative income considerations jointly drive coresidence, marriage, and fatherhood decisions. For black men, relative income affects the marriage decision only, and relative income is tied to marital status even for those living with a partner and children. Relative income concerns explain 10-15 percent of the decline in marriage since 1970 for low income white men, and account for more than half of the persistent marriage gap between high- and low-income men. Creation-Date: 2009-03 File-URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w14773/w14773.pdf Number: 1141 Classification-JEL: J12, C010, D100, H310, I380 Keywords: marriage, relative income, inequality, identity Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-04-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Audrey Beck Author-X-Name-First: Audrey Author-X-Name-Last: Beck Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Carlos Gonzalez-Sancho Author-X-Name-First: Carlos Author-X-Name-Last: Gonzalez-Sancho Author-Workplace-Name: Juan March Institute and Nuffield College Title: Educational Assortative Mating and Children's School Readiness Abstract: One of the concerns behind parental educational sorting is its potential to widen disparities in the ability of families to invest in their children's development. Using data from the Fragile Families and Children Wellbeing Study, this paper investigates the association between parental educational homogamy and children's school readiness at age 5. Our analyses reveal a positive impact of homogamy across child outcomes, most notably on socio-emotional indicators of development. Enhanced levels of parental agreement about the organization of family life and symmetry in the allocation of time to child care emerge as the intervening mechanisms behind this association. Our findings lend support to theoretical claims about the relevance of within-family social capital in the creation of human capital. Creation-Date: 2009-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp09-05-ff.pdf Number: 1142 Classification-JEL: D100, D630, I380, J120, I210 Keywords: Human capital, social capital, fragile families, school readiness Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-05-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Ziol-Guest Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Children and Poverty and Statistics Norway Author-Name: Claire McKenna Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: McKenna Author-Workplace-Name: Institute for Children and Poverty Title: Early Childhood Residential Instability and School Readiness: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Abstract: This paper assesses the consequences of residential instability during the first five years of a child?s life for a host of school readiness outcomes. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the relationship between multiple moves and children?s cognitive and behavioral readiness at age five. We further test this relationship for differences among poor, near poor, and not poor children. We find that moving three or more times in a child?s first five years is significantly associated with increases in several measures of internalizing and externalizing behavior. These effects are strongest for children who live in poverty. Creation-Date: 2009-11 File-URL: https://www.partnering-for-change.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Early-Childhood-Residential-Instability-and-School-Readiness.pdf Number: 1195 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, I210, J150, I300 Keywords: housing instability; Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study; behavior problems; test scores; poverty Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-21-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel A. Razza Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Razza Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Author-Name: Anne Martin Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Associations among Family Environment, Attention, and School Readiness for At-Risk Children Abstract: This study examined the developmental pathways from children?s family environment to school readiness within an at-risk sample (N = 1,701). Measures of the family environment (maternal parenting behaviors and maternal mental health) across early childhood were related to children?s observed sustained attention as well as to academic and behavioral outcomes at age 5 years. Results suggest specificity in the associations among attention and its correlates. Maternal parenting behaviors but not mental health explained individual differences in sustained attention, which in turn were associated with variability in children?s academic school readiness. Mediation tests confirmed that sustained attention partially accounted for the link between parenting behaviors and academic school readiness. While maternal mental health was associated with children?s behavioral school readiness, sustained attention did not play a mediating role. Findings indicate sustained attention as a potential target for efforts aimed at enhancing academic school readiness among predominantly poor and minority children. Creation-Date: 2009-06 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254399048_Associations_among_Family_Environment_Attention_and_School_Readiness_for_At-Risk_Children Number: 1172 Classification-JEL: I210, I320, J120, J130, O510; I12 Keywords: child development, educational success, parenting behaviors, school readiness, mental health Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-06-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Carol Ann MacGregor Author-X-Name-First: Carol Ann Author-X-Name-Last: MacGregor Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Education Delayed: Family Structure and Postnatal Educational Attainment Abstract: The rise in cohabitation and the concentration of single parenthood among the lower educated warrants an examination of postnatal educational attainment that considers differences by family structure. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, I examine the prevalence of obtaining additional education (N=3812) in the five years after a birth. Controlling for mothers? background and resources, married mothers are less likely to obtain additional education. Cohabiting mothers return to school more often than married mothers but less often than lone-mothers. Women who experience a union dissolution or divorce are also more likely to obtain additional education. Postnatal educational attainment appears to be an alternate pathway to economic security for women without stable romantic partnerships. Creation-Date: 2009-07 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp09-07-ff.pdf Number: 1173 Classification-JEL: I210, I320, J120, J130, O510 Keywords: Education, Family Structure, Fragile Families Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-07-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nicole D. Forry Author-X-Name-First: Nicole Author-X-Name-Last: Forry Author-Workplace-Name: Child Trends Author-Name: Sandra L. Hofferth Author-X-Name-First: Sandra Author-X-Name-Last: Hofferth Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maryland Title: Maintaining Work: The Influence of Child Care Subsidies on Child Care-Related Work Abstract: With the passage of welfare reform, parents? ability to not only obtain, but maintain work has become imperative. The role of child care subsidies in supporting parents? job tenure has received little attention in the literature. This article examines the relationship between receiving a child care subsidy and the likelihood of experiencing a child care-related work disruption using two samples and both cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models. Child care-related work disruptions are found to be less likely among subsidy recipients across samples and methods. Program implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. Creation-Date: 2009-07 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51920757_Maintaining_Work_The_Influence_of_Child_Care_Subsidies_on_Child_Care--Related_Work_Disruptions Number: 1175 Classification-JEL: J130, J640, O510, E240, D190 Keywords: child care, subsidy, employment, cost, job tenure Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-09-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Rand Author-Name: Jean Knab Author-X-Name-First: Jean Author-X-Name-Last: Knab Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sarah Meadows Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Meadows Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Economic Trajectories in Non-Traditional Families with Children Abstract: Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study this paper examines associations between family structure and economic trajectories during the first five years after a child's birth, paying special attention to non-traditional families. Among families with stable structures, married-parent families have the highest economic wellbeing, followed by cohabiting-parent families and then single mothers. Among unstable families, exits from marriage and cohabitation are associated with declines in mothers? economic wellbeing. Entering coresidential unions after a non-marital birth is associated with gains in single mothers' economic wellbeing, especially if those unions involve the child?s biological father. Findings are robust across several measures of economic wellbeing including household income, income-to-needs ratios, and material hardship. Creation-Date: 2009-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp09-10-ff.pdf Number: 1181 Classification-JEL: I300, I320, J120, J130, O510 Keywords: family structure, divorce, cohabitation, income, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), growth curve analysis Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-10-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia J. Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin Author-Name: Robin S. Högnäs Author-X-Name-First: Robin Author-X-Name-Last: Högnäs Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin Title: Coparenting in Fragile Families Abstract: Nonmarital childbearing has increased dramatically in the U.S. since the early 1960s, rising from 6% of all births in 1960 to fully 40% in 2007 (Hamilton, Martin, & Ventura, 2009). Whereas similar trends have occurred in many developed nations, the U.S. stands out in the extent to which such births are associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and relationship instability. This has given rise to a new term ?fragile families,? which we define as unmarried couples who have a child together. The increase in fragile families reflects changes not only in the initial context of births but also in the fundamental nature and patterns of childrearing. Creation-Date: 2010-03 File-URL: https://www.fatherhood.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/e000002038.pdf Number: 1188 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, J120, J150, I300 Keywords: Fragile families, childbearing, nonmarital childbearing Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-13-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Shawna J. Lee Author-X-Name-First: Shawna Author-X-Name-Last: Lee Author-Workplace-Name: Wayne State University Author-Name: Brian E. Perron Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Perron Author-Workplace-Name: University of Michigan Author-Name: Catherine A. Taylor Author-X-Name-First: Catherine Author-X-Name-Last: Taylor Author-Workplace-Name: Tulane University Author-Name: Neil B. Guterman Author-X-Name-First: Neil Author-X-Name-Last: Guterman Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Title: Paternal Psychosocial Characteristics and Corporal Punishment of their 3-Year Old Children Abstract: This study uses data from 2,309 biological fathers who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to examine associations between psychosocial characteristics and levels of corporal punishment (CP) toward their 3-year old children over the past month. Results indicate that 61% of the fathers reported no CP over the past month, 23% reported using CP once or twice, and 16% reported using CP a few times in the past month or more. In multivariate models controlling for important socio-demographic factors as well as characteristics of the child, fathers? parenting stress, major depression, alcohol use, and drug use were significantly associated with greater use of CP, whereas involvement with the child and generalized anxiety order were not. Girls were less likely to be the recipient of CP than boys, and child externalizing behavior problems but not internalizing behavior problems were associated with more CP. Creation-Date: 2009-10 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44648904_Paternal_Psychosocial_Characteristics_and_Corporal_Punishment_of_Their_3-Year-Old_Children Number: 1192 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, J120, J150, I300 Keywords: Fragile families, childbearing, nonmarital childbearing, fartherhood, fathers, corporal punishment, behavior problems, stress, depression Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-18-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columiba University Author-Name: Carey E. Cooper Author-X-Name-First: Carey Author-X-Name-Last: Cooper Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columiba University Author-Name: Ofira Schwartz-Soicher Author-X-Name-First: Ofira Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz-Soicher Author-Workplace-Name: Columiba University Author-Name: Ronald B. Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columiba University Title: Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and its Effects on Children's Development Abstract: High rates of incarceration among American men, coupled with high rates of fatherhood among men in prison, have motivated recent research on the effects of parental imprisonment on children?s development. We contribute to this literature using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the effects of paternal incarceration on developmental and school readiness outcomes for approximately 3,000 urban children. We estimate cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models that control not only for fathers' basic demographic characteristics and a rich set of potential confounders, but also for several measures of pre-incarceration child development, and family fixed effects. We find that paternal incarceration is positively associated with children's externalizing problems at age five. Results are mixed with respect to attention problems, and we find some evidence that children of incarcerated fathers experience less anxiety than their peers. The observed effects of incarceration on child behavioral problems are significantly stronger than the effects of other forms of father absence, suggesting that children with incarcerated fathers may require specialized support from caretakers, teachers, and social service providers. Creation-Date: 2010-08 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51926554_Beyond_Absenteeism_Father_Incarceration_and_Child_Development Number: 1194 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, J120, J150, I300 Keywords: Fragile families, childbearing, nonmarital childbearing, fartherhood, fathers, incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-20-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard J. Petts Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Petts Author-Workplace-Name: Ball State University Title: Fathers' Religious Involvement and Early Childhood Behavior Abstract: Previous research suggests that many men increase their religious involvement after the birth of a new child. This study extends this research by examining whether fathers maintain a higher rate of religious participation as children get older and how fathers' religiosity may influence children's behavior. Results suggest that many fathers maintain a higher level of religious participation during the early years of their child's life. Although fathers' religious involvement does not appear to directly influence children's behavior, there is evidence that fathers' religiosity moderates the influence of other family characteristics on children. Parental relationship quality and mothers' religiosity are associated with fewer problem behaviors among children when fathers believe that religion is important to family life. Results also suggest that being raised by a non-religious father is associated with increased externalizing problem behavior among young children. Overall, this study suggests that religious communities may be a source of support that encourages fathers to be more active in their family life and promote positive development among children. Creation-Date: 2009-11 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp09-22-ff.pdf Number: 1208 Classification-JEL: D100, D190, D690, H310, J120 Keywords: religion, behavior, religious attendance, fathers, mothers, children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-22-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Richard J. Petts Author-X-Name-First: Richard Author-X-Name-Last: Petts Author-Workplace-Name: Ball State University Title: Religious Heterogamy and Relationship Stability: A Comparison of Married and Cohabiting Unions Abstract: Many studies have explored dynamics within religiously heterogamous marriages, but little is known about religiously heterogamous cohabiting unions. Using data from the Fragile Families Study, this study examines the influence of religious heterogamy on union stability among married and cohabiting couples. Results suggest that religious heterogamy is more common in cohabiting unions than marriages. Results also suggest that cohabiting unions are more likely to dissolve than marriages, and the risk of separation is higher for religiously heterogamous cohabiting unions (especially those in which one partner is religious and the other is not) than religiously heterogamous marriages. Finally, there is evidence showing that some religiously heterogamous cohabiting couples have a higher risk of relationship dissolution than religious heterogamous married couples due to lower relationship quality. Overall, this study extends the religion and family literature by showing that religious differences may lead to greater instability for cohabiting relationships than marriages. Creation-Date: 2009-11 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.556.1705&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1209 Classification-JEL: D100, D190, D690, H310, J120 Keywords: religion, behavior, religious attendance, fathers, mothers, children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-23-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Margot Jackson Author-X-Name-First: Margot Author-X-Name-Last: Jackson Author-Workplace-Name: Brown University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kathleen Kiernan Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Kiernan Author-Workplace-Name: University of York Title: Mothers' Investments in Child Health in the U.S. and U.K.: A Comparative Lens on the Immigrant 'Paradox' Abstract: Research on the immigrant paradox healthier behaviors and outcomes among more socioeconomically disadvantaged immigrants is mostly limited to the U.S. Hispanic population and to the study of birth outcomes. Using data from the Fragile Families Study and the Millennium Cohort Study, we expand our understanding of this phenomenon in several ways. First, we examine whether the healthier behaviors of Hispanic immigrant mothers extend to other foreign-born groups, including non-Hispanic immigrant mothers in the U.S. and white, South Asian, black African and Caribbean, and other (largely East Asian) immigrants in the U.K, including higher SES groups. Second, we consider not only the size of the paradox at the time of the child's birth, but also the degree of its persistence into early childhood. Third, we examine whether nativity disparities are weaker in the U.K., where a much stronger welfare state makes health information and care more readily accessible. Finally, we examine whether differences in mothers' instrumental and social support both inside and out of the home can explain healthier behaviors among the foreign-born. The results suggest that healthier behaviors among immigrants are not limited to Hispanics or to low SES groups; that nativity differences are fairly persistent over time; that the immigrant advantage is equally strong in both countries; and that the composition and strength of mothers? support plays a trivial explanatory role in both countries. These findings lead us to speculate that what underlies nativity differences in mothers? health behaviors may be a strong parenting investment on the part of immigrants. Creation-Date: 2009-12 File-URL: https://paa2010.princeton.edu/papers/100841 Number: 1210 Classification-JEL: D100, D190, D690, H310, J120 Keywords: Fragile Families Study, Millennium Cohort Study, immigrants, behavior Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-24-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robert L. Wagmiller, Jr. Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Wagmiller, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: University at Buffalo, SUNY Title: How Representative Are the Fragile Families Study Families?: A Comparison of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort and Fragile Families Samples Abstract: This working paper assesses the representativeness of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study sample. It compares the demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics of children and families participating in the Fragile Families Study to those of the children and families participating in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort of 2001 (ECLS-B). Although the characteristics of the children and families from the Fragile Families Study were generally similar to those of the children and families from the ECLS-B, there were important differences between the samples of these two studies. Families in the Fragile Families Study reported lower household incomes and parents reported lower earnings, fewer years of completed education, and were more likely to be African American and less likely to be non-Hispanic white. Differences between the Fragile Families Study and ECLS-B samples reflect the competing strengths and weaknesses of their respective sampling and data collection strategies. Creation-Date: 2010-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp10-01-ff.pdf Number: 1216 Classification-JEL: C800; D020; D600; I320 Keywords: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, data collection strategies, social disadvantage Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Tolbert Kimbro Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Tolbert Kimbro Author-Workplace-Name: Rice University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Neighborhood Context, Poverty, and Urban Children's Outdoor Play Abstract: Although research consistently demonstrates a link between neighborhood conditions and physical activity for adults and adolescents, less is known about residential context and young children?s physical activity. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2,210), we explore whether outdoor play and television watching are associated with children?s body mass indexes (BMIs) at age five; and whether subjective and objective neighborhood measures are associated with children?s outdoor play and television watching. Hours of outdoor play and television viewing are associated with BMI. Higher maternal perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy are associated with more hours of outdoor play, fewer hours of television viewing, and more trips to a park or playground. In addition, we find that neighborhood physical disorder is associated with more outdoor play and more television watching. Finally, we find that children living in public housing have one-third more outdoor play time than other children. Creation-Date: 2010-04 File-URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.954.6574&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1226 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, I000, J130, C830 Keywords: residential context, physical activity, young children, body mass indexes, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, television viewing Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-04-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marah A. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Marah Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Workplace-Name: Boston University Author-Name: Amanda B. Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Housing Insecurity among Urban Fathers Abstract: This article examines housing insecurity among an understudied population: urban fathers of young children. Housing security is of particular importance for vulnerable populations, and urban fathers, many of whom face unemployment and monitoring from the child support and criminal justice systems, often rely on this security to mitigate the socioeconomic challenges they face. By assessing the extent and type of housing insecurity affecting urban fathers, we identify a potentially serious source of disadvantage facing families more broadly. A year after the birth of a new child, fully a quarter of fathers reported significant housing insecurities with 3% experiencing homelessness. Results suggest that from 9 to 12% of fathers are doubling up, relying on others for living expenses, and moving more than once every year. Finally, only half of fathers had been able to maintain housing security over the three to four years since the focal child?s birth. Creation-Date: 2010-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp10-05-ff.pdf Number: 1231 Classification-JEL: D190, D600, I000, I320, J120 Keywords: demographics, urban environment, homeless Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-05-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Marah A. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Marah Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Workplace-Name: Boston University Title: A Sort of Homecoming: Incarceration and the housing security of urban men Abstract: While individuals returning from prison face many barriers to successful re-entry, among the most serious are the challenges they face in securing housing. Housing has long been recognized as a prerequisite for stable employment, access to social services, and other aspects of individual and family functioning. The formerly incarcerated face several administrative and de facto restrictions on their housing options; however, little is known about the unique instabilities that they face. We use a longitudinal survey of urban families to examine housing insecurity among nearly 3,000 urban men, including over 1,000 with incarceration histories. We find that men recently incarcerated face greater housing insecurity, including both serious hardships such as homelessness, and precursors to homelessness such as residential turnover and relying on others for housing expenses. Their increased risk is tied both to diminished annual earnings and other factors, including, potentially, evictions from public housing supported by Federal ?one-strike? policies. Creation-Date: 2010-06 File-URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1632578 Number: 1232 Classification-JEL: J120, J150, I000, D130, D630 Keywords: incarceration, housing, social exclusion Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-06-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Turney Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Turney Author-Workplace-Name: University of Michigan Title: Maternal Depression and Childhood Health Inequalities Abstract: An increasing body of literature documents considerable disparities in the health and wellbeing of young children in the United States, though maternal depression is one important, yet often overlooked, determinant of children's health. In this paper, I find that maternal depression, particularly depression that is recurrent or chronic, puts children at risk of having unfavorable health when they are five years old. This finding persists despite accounting for a host of demographic characteristics of the mothers and children, as well as adjusting for a lagged indicator of children's health. Results suggest that socioeconomic status, as well as maternal health and health behaviors, account for a large portion of the association between maternal depression and children's health. There is also some evidence that maternal depression is more consequential for children born to unmarried mothers than children born to married mothers. Creation-Date: 2010-07 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.176.3778&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1249 Classification-JEL: D190, D600, I000, J120, J130 Keywords: depression, children, mothers, mental health, children's health, maternal depression Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-08-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas Author-Name: Lawrence Berger Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin Author-Name: Katherine Magnuson Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Magnuson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin Title: Family Structure Transitions and Changes in Maternal Resources and Well-Being Abstract: This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to examine whether family instability is associated with changes in perceived social support, material hardship, maternal depression, and parenting stress among mothers of young children. In addition to accounting for the number of transitions a mother experiences over the first five years of her child?s life, we pay close attention to the type and timing of these transitions. We find that mothers who transition to cohabitation or marriage with their child?s biological father experience declines in material hardship and that those who transition to cohabitation or marriage with another man exhibit modest declines in both material hardship and depression. Mothers who exit cohabiting or marital relationships encounter decreases in perceived social support and increases in material hardship, depression, and parenting stress. Overall, our results suggest that both the type and, to a much lesser degree, the timing of family structure transitions may influence maternal well-being. Creation-Date: 2009-05 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51980571_Family_Structure_Transitions_and_Changes_in_Maternal_Resources_and_Well-Being Number: 1256 Classification-JEL: I000, I320, J120, J130, J160 Keywords: material hardship, motherhood, depression, social support, stress, family structure, Father involvement, fragile families, longitudinal data, well-being Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-09-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia J. Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin Author-Name: Kimberly J. Turner Author-X-Name-First: Kimberly Author-X-Name-Last: Turner Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin Title: Fathers' Involvement and Fathers' Well-being over Children's First Five Years Abstract: Despite the growing scholarly attention to fathers' roles in family life, the consequences of fathers' involvement with children for men's well-being have been little explored. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=3,880), we evaluate how fathers' involvement (time, engagement and responsibility) is linked to fathers' well-being with respect to health and mental health, social integration, and economic outcomes. We evaluate resident and non-resident fathers separately, using data from three survey waves about 1, 3 and 5 years after a baby's birth. Our results indicate that fathers' involvement is not strongly related to paternal health and mental health, but greater involvement is linked with better relationship quality with the child's biological mother for both resident and nonresident fathers. With respect to economic outcomes, there is modest evidence that greater involvement is linked to lower earnings for resident fathers and to higher earnings for non-resident fathers. Creation-Date: 2010-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp10-10-ff.pdf Number: 1257 Classification-JEL: I000, I320, J120, J130, J160 Keywords: Father involvement, fragile families, longitudinal data, well-being Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-10-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia J. Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Madison Author-Name: Lawrence M. Berger Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Madison Title: What Kids Get from Parents: Packages of Parental Involvement across Complex Family Forms Abstract: While demographers have continued to document the notable family changes that have occurred in recent decades, the nature of family functioning across diverse family forms is less well understood. In particular, we know little about the level and quality of parental investment that children receive across a range of contemporary family types. In this paper, we use data from a recent U.S. urban birth cohort to examine the ?package? of parental involvement that young children receive in two key domains across family types. We aggregate parent-child engagement across three potential parent(-figures) - biological mothers, biological fathers (resident or non-resident), and resident social fathers - and also assess the child?s household income. We examine parental investments at child age 5 and changes in investments between child ages 1 to 5 by family structure categories. Overall, we find that children living with both of their (married) biological parents are advantaged with respect to both economic resources and parental engagement, while children living with single mothers fare especially poorly in both domains; children in social-father families receive similar levels of engagement to those in biological-father families but are much less economically advantaged. Our research sheds light on the consequences of changing family demography for parental investments in children and may have implications for public policies designed to support disadvantaged families. Creation-Date: 2010-10 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254446140_What_Kids_Get_from_Parents_Packages_of_Parental_Involvement_across_Complex_Family_Forms Number: 1272 Classification-JEL: D600, H310, I000, J150, J000 Keywords: family changes, parental investment, disadvantage families, father engagement Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-13-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Terry-Ann Craigie Author-X-Name-First: Terry-Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Craigie Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Jane Waldfogel Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Waldfogel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Family Structure, Family Stability and Early Child Wellbeing Abstract: This study exploits rich data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to distinguish the effects of family structure at birth from family stability over time on child cognitive, socio-emotional and health outcomes. We define two models: one that measures family structure at birth only and a second that measures possible changes in family structure since birth. We find that both family structure and stability are important to all child outcomes but for family structure, the results are attenuated by child and demographic characteristics. Family stability effects by contrast, remain significant even after these controls are included and also reveal that the cognitive, socio-emotional and health outcomes of children born to married or cohabiting parents are more adversely affected by changes in family structure over time. Creation-Date: 2010-11 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Terry-Ann-Craigie/publication/228827417_Family_Structure_Family_Stability_and_Early_Child_Wellbeing/links/00b495286431d762dd000000/Family-Structure-Family-Stability-and-Early-Child-Wellbeing.pdf Number: 1275 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, I100, I380 Keywords: Asthma, Cognitive Ability, Behavioral Problems, Family Structure, Family Stability and Obesity Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-14-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Terry-Ann L. Craigie Author-X-Name-First: Terry-Ann Author-X-Name-Last: Craigie Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Child Support Transfers under Family Complexity Abstract: When parents engage in childbearing with more than one partner or multi-partnered fertility, this gives rise to a complex family system with strong implications for transfers to children. This study therefore seeks to measure the effect of multi-partnered fertility on formal and informal child support transfers, specifically to non-marital children. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), the study goes beyond previous works by attempting to isolate causal effects of male and female multi-partnered fertility. I find that in general, the probability of receiving formal and/or informal child support contributions decline as the number of children a parent has with more than one partner rises. The study confirms a causal adverse effect of male multi-partnered fertility on receiving any child support payments. These findings underscore the need to revisit child support policies for complex families. Creation-Date: 2010-11 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp10-15-ff.pdf Number: 1276 Classification-JEL: J, J1, J12 Keywords: multi-partnered fertility, child support payments, childbearing, fertility, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP10-15-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Wildeman Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Wildeman Author-Workplace-Name: Yale University Title: Parental Incarceration, Child Homelessness, and the Invisible Consequences of Mass Imprisonment Abstract: The share of the homeless population composed of African Americans and children has grown since the early 1980s, but the causes of these changes remain poorly understood. This article implicates mass imprisonment in these shifts by considering the effects of recent paternal and maternal incarceration on child homelessness using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. These are the only data that represent a contemporary cohort of the urban children most at risk of homelessness, establish appropriate time-order between recent parental incarceration and child homelessness, and include information about prior housing. Results show substantial effects of recent paternal (but not maternal) incarceration on the risk of child homelessness. Furthermore, these effects are concentrated among black children. Taken together, findings provide support for two important conclusions. First, when these large individual-level effects are combined with massive increases and racial disparity in the risk of parental imprisonment, it becomes transparent that the prison boom has been a key driver of the dramatic increases in the risk of homelessness for black children. Thus, while economic downturns bring to mind the effects of foreclosure and eviction on homelessness, mass imprisonment may have played a role in the growth of the population of homeless African American children even during the economic boom of the late 1990s. Finally, paternal and maternal incarceration lead children down parallel paths of severe disadvantage. While maternal incarceration increases the risk of child foster care placement, paternal incarceration increases the risk of child homelessness. Creation-Date: 2011-01 File-URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.562.7099&rep=rep1&type=pdf Number: 1281 Classification-JEL: D190, I300, J120, J130, D630, J150 Keywords: homeless population, African Americans, incarceration, prison, child homelessness, parental incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP09-19-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Afshin Zilanawala Author-X-Name-First: Afshin Author-X-Name-Last: Zilanawala Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Natasha V. Pilkauskas Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Pilkauskas Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Low-Income Mothers' Material Hardship and Children's Socioemotional WellBeing Abstract: Research suggests that children from low-income families are more likely to exhibit behavioral problems than children from wealthier families and these adverse behaviors have long-term detrimental effects on academic outcomes, health and earnings. In this paper, we examine the relationship between material hardship, an economic indicator that describes concrete adversities, and child behavior. Specifically, we use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the following questions; (a) Is material hardship associated with child socioemotional behavior, (b) Are particular hardships associated with socioemotional outcomes, and (c) Are there stronger effects for more recent or long lasting hardships? We find that children in households experiencing material hardship score significantly higher on aggressive, withdrawn, and anxious/depressed behaviors. Additionally, we find that a mother?s inability to pay bills, having utilities cut off, and having unmet medical needs have particular adverse affects on child behavior. Creation-Date: 2011-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp11-02-ff.pdf Number: 1288 Classification-JEL: I320, H510, D310, D630, H310 Keywords: low-income families, behavioral problems, children, academic outcomes, health, earnings, long-term detrimental effects, child behavior Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-02-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Kiernan Author-X-Name-First: Kathleen Author-X-Name-Last: Kiernan Author-Workplace-Name: University of York Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: John Holmes Author-X-Name-First: John Author-X-Name-Last: Holmes Author-Workplace-Name: University of York Author-Name: Melanie Wright Author-X-Name-First: Melanie Author-X-Name-Last: Wright Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Fragile Families in the US and UK Abstract: Non-marital childbearing has increased dramatically over the past several decades in both the US and the UK. In 2008, 45 percent of British children were born outside of marriage, up from 8 percent in 1971. A similar trend appears in the US, with 41 percent of births in 2008 occurring to unmarried mothers, up from 11 percent in 1971. Whereas a great deal has been written about the causes of these trends, surprisingly little is known about the conditions and experiences of the parents and children in these families. In this paper we compare and contrast families formed by married and unmarried parents during the first five years after child?s birth. An emerging body of research indicates that children?s experiences in infancy and early childhood have lasting consequences for their future health and development (Shonkoff and Phillips 2000); a second literature indicates that parental resources and partnerships play a large role in shaping children?s early experiences (Duncan and Magnuson 2005). Together, these two bodies of research suggest that in order to understand the long-run implications of the increase in non-marital childbearing for parents, children and society, we must understand how the parents and children in these families are doing during the first five years after birth. This paper compares and contrasts families formed by unmarried parents in the UK and the UK by addressing several questions: What is the nature of parental relationships and what are parents? characteristics and capabilities at the time their child is born? What happens to parental relationships over time? What happens to mothers? economic and psychological resources; What happens to non-resident fathers? contributions over time? How do children fare, and how do family structure and stability influence the quality of mothers? parenting and children?s wellbeing? To answer these questions, we rely on data from two birth cohort studies that follow children from the time they are born to the time they enter kindergarten: the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), which has been following approximately 18,800 children born in the UK at the turn of the twenty first century, and the Fragile Families Study (FFS), which has being following approximately 5,000 children born in US cities between 1998 and 2000. Both of these studies contain rich information about the quality and stability of parental relationships, and both studies contain extensive information on parental resources parental behavior and children?s wellbeing. Both studies also oversample for disadvantaged families. Given their overlap in questions and measures and their similarity in samples, these two data sets are ideal for comparing families formed by unmarried couples in the two countries. More detailed information about these two studies can be found for the MCS in Hansen et al. (2008) and for the FFS in Reichman et al. (2001). Creation-Date: 2011-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp11-04-ff.pdf Number: 1299 Classification-JEL: D190, D600, J120, J130, I000 Keywords: marriage, unwed mothers, births, Millennium Cohort Study Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-04-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jane E. Palmer Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Palmer Author-Workplace-Name: MSW Title: Predictors of Social and Emotional Involvement of Non-Residential Fathers Abstract: Public policy initiatives to promote nonresidential father involvement tend to focus on economic involvement over social and emotional involvement. The 2006 reauthorization of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) included funding for responsible fatherhood programming and the recently introduced Responsible Fatherhood and Healthy Families Act of 2009 (RFHFA) would increase this funding. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing dataset, this paper hypothesized that paternal, maternal, child and relational factors would predict non-residential father social and emotional environment by building on a model by Coley and Hernandez (2006). Instead, only paternal and relational factors were significant. Findings suggest a need for more policy initiatives that address fathers involved in the criminal justice system, increasing the early involvement of fathers in their infants? lives and the need for increased attention toward domestic violence. If passed, RFHFA would address each of these factors. Creation-Date: 2011-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp11-05-ff.pdf Number: 1300 Classification-JEL: D190, D600, J120, J130, I000 Keywords: marriage, unwed mothers, births, father involvement, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-05-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Letitia E. Kotila Author-X-Name-First: Letitia Author-X-Name-Last: Kotila Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University Author-Name: Claire M. Kamp Dush Author-X-Name-First: Claire Author-X-Name-Last: Kamp Dush Author-Workplace-Name: Ohio State University Title: High father involvement and supportive coparenting predict increased same-partner and decreased multipartnered fertility Abstract: Non-marital childbearing in the US has reached historic levels. Because of the instability of nonmarital partnerships, multipartnered fertility, whereby a woman has children with different men, has also increased. High father involvement and supportive coparenting may serve as barriers to multipartnered fertility. Using a subsample of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2363), we examined father involvement (measured as engagement, responsibility, and accessibility) and supportive coparenting as predictors of unmarried mothers' fertility. Discrete time survival analysis models indicated that mothers who perceived greater paternal engagement, responsibility, and supportive coparenting were more likely to have another child with the focal child?s biological father, and less likely to have a child with a new man. Among noncoresidential mothers (mothers who were not living with the focal child's biological father), the same pattern of results emerged with one exception: paternal engagement did not predict either same or multipartnered fertility. Also, non-coresidential mothers that reported higher levels of accessibility, or contact between the focal child and the biological father, were more likely to have another child with him, and less likely to have a child with a new man. Overall, greater supportive coparenting and father involvement may decrease multipartnered fertility, even among non-coresidential parents. Creation-Date: 2011-03 File-URL: https://paa2011.princeton.edu/papers/111685 Number: 1311 Classification-JEL: C010, D190, I320, J130 Keywords: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, coparenting, father involvement, unmarried mothers' fertility, multipartnered fertility Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-07-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jessica Yiu Author-X-Name-First: Jessica Author-X-Name-Last: Yiu Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The School Readiness of the Children of Immigrants in the United States: The Role of Families, Childcare and Neighborhoods Abstract: At present, little is known about the welfare of very young immigrant children, since the emphasis thus far has been on the integration of school-aged children and youths into host societies (e.g. Leventhal et al. 2006; Portes and Hao 2004; Zhou and Bankston 1994). However invaluable these studies are in understanding how well the children of immigrants fare, particularly at school, and in predicting their socioeconomic mobility as adults, they cannot ascertain how early the onset of these nativity differences is. Researchers across the disciplines are thus increasingly turning their attention to the early childhood period to better understand how learning gaps between the children of immigrant versus native-born parentage ? that is, second- and third-plus generations, respectively ? are formed and persist prior to school entry (Fuller et al. 2009; Johnson de Feyter and Winsler 2009; Takanishi, 2004). The recent availability of longitudinal and large-scale birth cohort studies, such as the Fragile Families Study of Child Well-being, facilitates analyses which address early childhood research with a focus on nativity. Creation-Date: 2011-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp11-11-ff.pdf Number: 1314 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, I210, I310, J150 Keywords: young immigrant children, integration, school-aged children and youths, host societies, Fragile Families Study of Child Well-being Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-11-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Joanne W. Golann Author-X-Name-First: Joanne Author-X-Name-Last: Golann Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: First-Year Maternal School Attendance and Children's Cognitive Abilities at Age 5 Abstract: Although there has been extensive research on the effects of early maternal employment on children's outcomes, there have been surprisingly few studies examining the relationship between early maternal school attendance and children's well-being, despite the fact that a large percentage of mothers return to school following the birth of their children. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,133), this study finds that mothers who attend four-year colleges or graduate schools in their children's first year confer a significant advantage to their children's cognitive development by age 5. Working while attending school does not appear to have any adverse effects on children. Contrary to expectations, no mediation effects are found for parenting or child care. Results imply that encouraging mothers to continue their education soon after their children's births may be an effective strategy to improve the outcomes of both mothers and children. Creation-Date: 2011-06 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp11-12-ff.pdf Number: 1315 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, I210, I310, J150 Keywords: education, early childhood, intergenerational transfers, parenting, schools, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-12-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lawrence M. Berger Author-X-Name-First: Lawrence Author-X-Name-Last: Berger Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin, Madison Author-Name: Sara S. McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Child Wellbeing in Two-Parent Families: How Do Characteristics and Relationships Matter? Abstract: We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine the role of individual and family characteristics, as well as mother-father and parent-child relationships, with regard to differences in wellbeing for children living with their biological mother and either their biological father or a social father. We find that accounting for these factors produces a large decrease in the association between two-parent family type and cognitive skills, but does little to explain the association between family type and externalizing behavior problems, given suppressor effects of several of the father characteristics and relationship measures. Furthermore, results from Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions suggest that differences in cognitive skills can largely be explained by differences in the characteristics and behaviors of the individuals comprising biological- and social-father families, whereas differences in externalizing behavior problems predominantly reflect differences in returns to (effects of) these characteristics and behaviors for children in the two family types. Creation-Date: 2011-06 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp11-13-ff.pdf Number: 1322 Classification-JEL: D190, D690, H310, I300, J130 Keywords: parents, children, relationships, welfare, wellbeing, martial status Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-13-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Julia S. Goldberg Author-X-Name-First: Julia Author-X-Name-Last: Goldberg Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin, Madison Title: Identity Salience and Involvement among Resident and Nonresident Fathers Abstract: The literature on father involvement suggests that the value men ascribe to the father role is important for understanding their involvement with their children, yet this theory has received only limited empirical attention. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,554), I examined the association between fathers? identity salience reported at their child?s birth and their involvement (accessibility, engagement, and responsibility) when their child was about 1, 3, and 5 years old, carefully considering the role played by fathers? residence status. I found that fathers? identity salience predicted future levels of engagement net of a large number of fathers? characteristics, and that fathers with high identity salience were more likely to reside with their child, which facilitated their involvement. These results suggest that programs designed to enhance the salience of the father role would be useful for teaching men to become more involved fathers. Creation-Date: 2011-06 File-URL: https://cde.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/839/2019/01/cde-working-paper-2011-06.pdf Number: 1323 Classification-JEL: D190, D690, H310, I300, J130 Keywords: Fatherhood, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW), Longitudinal Data, Parental Involvement, Social Psychology (Family) Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-14-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel A. Razza Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Razza Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Author-Name: Anne Martin Author-X-Name-First: Anne Author-X-Name-Last: Martin Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: ATTENTION AND SCHOOL SUCCESS: The Long-Term Implications of Attention for School Success among Low-Income Children Abstract: This study examined the longitudinal associations between sustained attention in preschool and children?s school success in later elementary school within a low-income sample (N = 2,403). Specifically, two facets of sustained attention (focused attention and lack of impulsivity) at age 5 were explored as independent predictors of children?s academic and behavioral competence across eight measures at age 9. Overall, the pattern of results indicates specificity between the facets of attention and school success, such that focused attention was primarily predictive of academic outcomes while impulsivity was mainly predictive of behavioral outcomes. Both facets of attention predicted teacher ratings of children?s academic skills and approaches to learning, which suggests that they jointly influence outcomes that span both domains of school success. Patterns of association were similar for children above and below the poverty line. Implications of these findings for interventions targeting school readiness and success among at-risk children are discussed. Creation-Date: 2011-08 File-URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254446222_ATTENTION_AND_SCHOOL_SUCCESS_The_Long-Term_Implications_of_Attention_for_School_Success_among_Low-Income_Children Number: 1330 Classification-JEL: D190, D690, I210, I320, J130 Keywords: sustained attention, academic achievement, behavioral competence, low-income children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-16-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Herbst Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Herbst Author-Workplace-Name: Arizona State University Author-Name: Erdal Tekin Author-X-Name-First: Erdal Author-X-Name-Last: Tekin Author-Workplace-Name: Georgia State University, IZA, and NBER Title: Child Care Subsidies, Maternal Well-Being, and Child-Parent Interactions: Evidence from Three Nationally Representative Datasets Abstract: A complete account of the U.S. child care subsidy system requires an understanding of its implications for both parental and child well-being. Although the effects of child care subsidies on maternal employment and child development have been recently studied, many other dimensions of family well-being have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the impact of child care subsidy receipt on maternal health and the quality of child-parent interactions. The empirical analyses use data from three nationally representative surveys, providing access to numerous measures of family well-being. In addition, we attempt to handle the possibility of non-random selection into subsidy receipt by using several identification strategies both within and across the surveys. Our results consistently indicate that child care subsidies are associated with worse maternal health and poorer interactions between parents and their children. In particular, subsidized mothers report lower levels of overall health and are more likely to show symptoms consistent with anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. Such mothers also reveal more psychological and physical aggression toward their children and are more likely to utilize spanking as a disciplinary tool. Together, these findings suggest that work-based public policies aimed at economically disadvantaged mothers may ultimately undermine family well-being. Creation-Date: 2012-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-01-ff.pdf Number: 1368 Classification-JEL: D600, I000, I380, J130 Keywords: child care, subsidy, employment, Child Care and Development Fund, families, mothers Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP11-20-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Chris Herbst Author-X-Name-First: Chris Author-X-Name-Last: Herbst Author-Workplace-Name: Arizona State University Author-Name: Erdal Tekin Author-X-Name-First: Erdal Author-X-Name-Last: Tekin Author-Workplace-Name: Georgia State University, IZA, and NBER Title: Child Care Subsidies, Maternal Well-Being, and Child-Parent Interactions: Evidence from Three Nationally Representative Datasets Abstract: A complete account of the U.S. child care subsidy system requires an understanding of its implications for both parental and child well-being. Although the effects of child care subsidies on maternal employment and child development have been recently studied, many other dimensions of family well-being have received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by examining the impact of child care subsidy receipt on maternal health and the quality of child-parent interactions. The empirical analyses use data from three nationally representative surveys, providing access to numerous measures of family well-being. In addition, we attempt to handle the possibility of non-random selection into subsidy receipt by using several identification strategies both within and across the surveys. Our results consistently indicate that child care subsidies are associated with worse maternal health and poorer interactions between parents and their children. In particular, subsidized mothers report lower levels of overall health and are more likely to show symptoms consistent with anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. Such mothers also reveal more psychological and physical aggression toward their children and are more likely to utilize spanking as a disciplinary tool. Together, these findings suggest that work-based public policies aimed at economically disadvantaged mothers may ultimately undermine family well-being. Creation-Date: 2012-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-01-ff.pdf Number: 1372 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: child care, subsidies, employment, families, child development Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marah A. Curtis Author-X-Name-First: Marah Author-X-Name-Last: Curtis Author-Workplace-Name: Boston University Author-Name: Hope Corman Author-X-Name-First: Hope Author-X-Name-Last: Corman Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research Author-Name: Kelly Noonan Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Noonan Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University and National Bureau of Economic Research Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Title: Life Shocks and Homelessness Abstract: We exploit an exogenous health shock the birth of a child with a severe health condition to investigate the causal effect of a life shock on homelessness. Using survey data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study that have been augmented with information from hospital medical records, we find that the health shock increases the likelihood of homelessness three years later, particularly in cities with high housing costs. Homelessness is defined using both a traditional measure and a more contemporary measure that includes residential instability and doubling up without paying rent. The findings are consistent with the economic theory of homelessness, which posits that homelessness results from a conjunction of adverse circumstances in which housing markets and individual characteristics collide. They also add to a growing body of evidence that housing markets are an important contributor to homelessness and suggest that homelessness is a problem not easily addressed by existing public support programs. Creation-Date: 2012-02 File-URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w16826/w16826.pdf Number: 1374 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: child health, housing, homelessness, housing markets, families Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-03-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristen Harknett Author-X-Name-First: Kristen Author-X-Name-Last: Harknett Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Author-Name: Daniel Schneider Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Schneider Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Is a Bad Economy Good for Marriage? The Relationship between Macroeconomic Conditions and Marital Stability from 1998-2009 Abstract: In the United States, the Great Recession has been marked by severe shocks to labor and housing markets. In this study, we combine longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) with administrative data on local area unemployment rates and state-level mortgage delinquency rates to examine the relationship between labor and housing market distress and marital dissolution among couples with children. Although the recession increased economic hardship in our sample, we find no evidence that these economic stresses accelerated or increased rates of marital dissolution. On the contrary, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the recession led some couples to delay or forego marital separation. This relationship was strongest in subgroups that were hardest hit by the recession: racial and ethnic minorities and those with low levels of educational attainment. Creation-Date: 2012-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-04-ff.pdf Number: 1375 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: marriage, education, economic cycles, unemployment, marital separation, children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-04-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kei M. Nomaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Kei Author-X-Name-Last: Nomaguchi Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Author-Name: Susan L. Brown Author-X-Name-First: Susan Author-X-Name-Last: Brown Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Author-Name: Tanya M. Leyman Author-X-Name-First: Tanya Author-X-Name-Last: Leyman Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Title: Father Involvement and Mothers' Parenting Stress: The Role of Relationship Status Abstract: Although the salutatory effects of father involvement on child well-being are well established, whether similar benefits accrue to children's mothers is unknown. The prevailing cultural ideal of involved fathering coupled with the growing complexity of mother-father relationship contexts signal that an examination of how father involvement shapes mothers' parenting stress is overdue. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 2,480) , we find father involvement is related to lower parenting stress for mothers who are married to, cohabiting with, or dating the child's father, but not for mothers who are no longer romantically involved with the father. For mothers living with a new partner, the current partner's, not the biological father's, involvement is related to less parenting stress. Results support the notion that the stress buffering effectiveness of social support, conceptualized here as father involvement, depends on the relationship context between support recipients and providers. Creation-Date: 2012-04 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-07-ff.pdf Number: 1390 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: Father Involvement, Parenting Stress, Relationship Status, Role Strain, Social Support Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-07-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Paternal Incarceration and Father Involvement in Fragile Families Abstract: High rates of incarceration, coupled with high rates of fatherhood among men in prison, has motivated a far-reaching literature that examines the effects of paternal incarceration on family stability and child development. Although a growing body of evidence documents significant disadvantage among families with incarcerated fathers, far less is known about the causal nature of this relationship. Most notably, the majority of incarcerated fathers were living apart from their children at the time of their criminal justice contact, raising the question of whether incarceration incapacitates fathers from their children?s lives, or simply reinforces a pre-existing absence. In this paper, we use a population-based sample of urban families to examine the extent of father involvement among fathers with incarceration histories, including both fathers who become incarcerated and those incarcerated in the more distant past. While our findings are consistent with earlier work that documents the concentration of incarceration among nonresident fathers, we find that resident fathers who become incarcerated are significantly more likely to leave their family household upon release. Moreover, many nonresident fathers who become incarcerated had maintained a degree of contact with their children, which is compromised upon incarceration. Observed reductions in father-child contact are driven by a combination of incapacitation while in prison or jail, and a reduction in contact upon release. Creation-Date: 2012-10 File-URL: https://www.fatherhood.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/e000002508.pdf Number: 1391 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: Father Involvement, Parenting Stress, Relationship Status, Role Strain, prison, incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-10-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Paternal Incarceration and Early Juvenile Delinquency Abstract: Rising rates of incarceration since the 1970s, combined with high rates of fatherhood among men in jails and prisons, have led to an unprecedented number of children more than 1.7 million in 2007 affected by paternal imprisonment. The growing literature documenting challenges faced by families following a fathers? incarceration raises grave concerns and suggests that the growing rates of incarceration among fathers might have the unintended consequence of increasing delinquency and criminality among their children. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to assess patterns of delinquency among school-aged children, and particularly, differences in delinquency by fathers? incarceration status. A series of item-response models suggest nontrivial rates of antisocial behavior among children in the analysis sample, including higher rates of delinquency, and a greater variety of delinquent activities, among children with histories of paternal incarceration. While estimated relationships are preliminary and are not intended to represent causal effects, the increased delinquency among children of incarcerated fathers, particularly before the commonly-acknowledged ?peak offending years? of adolescence, raises serious concerns. Creation-Date: 2010-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-11-ff.pdf Number: 1392 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: Father Involvement, Parenting Stress, Relationship Status, Role Strain, prison, incarceration, delinquency Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-11-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ryan Heath Bogle Author-X-Name-First: Ryan Author-X-Name-Last: Heath Bogle Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Title: Long-Term Cohabitation among Unwed Parents: Determinants and Consequences for Children Abstract: Though a great deal of prior research has examined the stability of cohabiting unions and child wellbeing in cohabiting unions, little research has attempted to integrate these two concepts. Using 4 waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, I examine the determinants of long-term cohabitation among a recent group of unwed parents, and the consequences of different stable unions (marriage and cohabitation) for child wellbeing. Results indicate that relationship quality is the key determinant to both long-term cohabitation and marriage among unwed parents. Moreover, there are only slight negative implications for children raised in longterm two-biological-parent cohabiting relative to stable two biological married parent families. It appears that long-term cohabitation presents a viable family structure for children. Creation-Date: 2012-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-12-ff.pdf Number: 1404 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: marriage, unions, child wellbeing, cohabitation, unwed parents Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-12-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Baker-Smith Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Baker-Smith Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Title: Mind over Money: How Do Variations in Receipt of Child-Support Affect Home Environments? Abstract: Family structure is often related to financial instability. It is also established that stress caused by instability negatively influences home environments and these environments are integral to positive child outcomes as widely recounted in the family stress model (Conger 1992; 2002). Therefore a reduction of home instability is an important policy for mediating the influence of poverty on child outcomes. One policy intended to remediate this problem is formal orders for child support. Though it is logical to assume this support should improve families? stability, at least financially, I suggest these orders actually may increase stress when they are not followed consistently. I examine the impact that stable child-support may have in the reduction of economic stress thereby allowing for developmentally appropriate home environments as measured by parenting behaviors. Utilizing the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study I explore the variation in child support comparing those with formal orders who receive some of their mandated support and those that receive all the mandated support. The variation in this support is related to parenting behaviors for parents of children at age 9. This analysis provides an important exploration of the influence of stable formal child support orders for urban populations with high levels of single-parent families. Creation-Date: 2012-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-14-ff.pdf Number: 1406 Classification-JEL: D190, H310, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: family structure, stability, child well being, single parent Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-14-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Laura Tach Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Tach Author-Workplace-Name: Cornell University Title: Family Complexity, Childbearing, and Parenting Stress: A Comparison of Mothers' and Fathers' Experiences Abstract: Theories of family functioning suggest that childbearing with multiple partners may increase parenting stress due to changes in social and economic resources and the challenges associated with parenting across multiple households. These family processes may not be equally stressful for mothers and fathers, because they face different parental constraints and responsibilities. I use four waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine whether multi-partnered fertility increases parenting stress for mothers and fathers. Using lagged regression models and longitudinal repeated reports of parenting stress, I find that both mothers and fathers report increases in parenting stress following the birth of a child with a new romantic partner, relative to parents who experience no additional childbearing. However, increases in parenting stress following multi-partnered fertility are similar to increases in parenting stress following same-partner fertility. I also find that transitions to new romantic partnerships are associated with increases in parenting stress for mothers and fathers only when new romantic partners have children from previous relationships. Increases in parenting stress following all fertility transitions are stronger for less-educated parents than for more-educated parents. Creation-Date: 2012-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-15-ff.pdf Number: 1425 Classification-JEL: D120, D630, I000, I320, J150 Keywords: children, marriage, families, parenting, Family Complexity, Childbearing, Parenting Stress Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-15-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Samara Gunter Author-X-Name-First: Samara Author-X-Name-Last: Gunter Author-Workplace-Name: Colby College Title: Informal Labor Supply in the United States: New Estimates from the Fragile Families Survey Abstract: Past studies of the informal economy in the US focused on small geographic areas and select populations. This paper uses a nationally representative panel survey of urban parents, the largest and most diverse data yet, to describe the nature of informal work in the United States. Informal work is pervasive and widespread across demographic characteristics. Approximately 51 percent of urban fathers and 28 percent of urban mothers of young children pursue informal work over a five-year period. Individuals transition in and out of short, intense bouts of informal work. Conditional on participating, men work in the informal sector an average of 22 hours in a usual week (20 for women) and an average of 18 weeks during the year (18 for women). Creation-Date: 2012-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-16-ff.pdf Number: 1426 Classification-JEL: D120, D630, I000, I320, J150 Keywords: work, parents, urban mothers, young children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-16-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natasha V. Pilkauskas Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Pilkauskas Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Instability in Three-Generation Family Households and Child Wellbeing Abstract: This paper investigates to what extent stable and unstable three-generation family households (grandparent, parent and child) are associated with child socioemotional, cognitive and health outcomes over the first three years of a child?s life. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2,666) differences in the association by mother?s relationship status and interactions with nuclear family instability are investigated. Results suggest stable three-generation family households are associated with child wellbeing whereas unstable or transitory three-generation households are not. Living in a stable threegeneration family household is associated with more externalizing and internalizing behavior problems as well as higher odds of being overweight. Stable three-generation coresidence is also associated with higher verbal scores. Differences by mother?s relationship status reveal a protective association with externalizing behaviors for stably partnered mothers but few interactive effects between nuclear and three-generation family instability. Overall, the results suggest that stable, but not unstable, three-generation family household coresidence is associated with child wellbeing. Creation-Date: 2012-11 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-19-ff.pdf Number: 1429 Classification-JEL: D120, D630, I000, I320, J150 Keywords: Parent Relationship Quality, Child Behavior, child wellbeing, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-19-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Fragile Families and Children's Opportunities Abstract: The context of family life has changed dramatically over the past 50 years. Today, over 40 percent of children in the U.S. are born to unmarried parents, up from only 5 percent in 1960. My research tries to understand why this change is happening and what it means for parents, children and society. To sum up, the increase in non-marital childbearing has negative consequences for parents, children and society. The fact that it is concentrated among poor and working class parents is especially worrisome insofar as these families are struggling already. The basic drivers of the trend are the decline in economic opportunities for those with a high school degree or less combined with changes in social norms that have de-stigmatized pre-marital sex. In addition, the current fertility dynamic in which couples are having children while they are searching for a suitable partner is making things worse. To reverse the trend, we will need to provide stronger incentives for young women to postpone motherhood, and we will need to make sure that their prospective partners have something to bring to the table. Failing to do so is likely to exacerbate inequality and reduce the mobility of the next generation. Creation-Date: 2012-04 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp12-21-ff_0.pdf Number: 1439 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, H310, I300, J120 Keywords: single parent families, Fragile Families, Children, marriage Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-21-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christopher Wildeman Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Wildeman Author-Workplace-Name: Yale University Author-Name: Kristin Turney Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Turney Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Irvine Title: Positive, Negative, or Null? The Effects of Maternal Incarceration on Children's Behavioral Problems Abstract: As maternal incarceration may help, harm, or have no effect on child wellbeing, increases in the risk of maternal imprisonment are relevant to scholars interested in both mass imprisonment and the forces that shape inequalities in child wellbeing. Unfortunately, with the exception of a few rigorous studies on educational and birth outcomes, little research has considered the effect of maternal incarceration on child wellbeing after adjusting for differences between children who do and do not experience maternal incarceration. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to consider the effects of maternal incarceration on 21 caregiver- and teacher-reported behavioral problems among nine-year-old children. Results show that, after adjusting for confounders, maternal incarceration is positively and significantly associated with just 1 behavioral problem and negatively and significantly associated with just 1 behavioral problem. In models considering both maternal and paternal incarceration, compared to children with neither parent incarcerated, children with only a father incarcerated have significantly more behavioral problems on 17 of 21 outcomes and children with only a mother incarcerated have significantly more behavioral problems on 1 of 21 outcomes. Taken together, our results suggest the average effects of maternal incarceration on children?s behavioral problems are . Creation-Date: 2012-12 File-URL: https://paa2013.princeton.edu/papers/131558 Number: 1440 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, H310, I300, J120; K42 Keywords: single parent families, Fragile Families, Children, marriage, prison, crime Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP12-22-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sangita Pudasainee-Kapri Author-X-Name-First: Sangita Author-X-Name-Last: Pudasainee-Kapri Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Author-Name: Rachel Razza Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Razza Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Title: ATTACHMENT SECURITY AMONG TODDLERS: THE IMPACTS OF SUPPORTIVE COPARENTING AND FATHER ENGAGEMENT Abstract: The present study examined the longitudinal associations among supportive coparenting and father engagement during infancy and mother-child attachment at age three within an at-risk sample (N= 1371), using secondary data from Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) study. Mothers reported on coparenting and father engagement during the one-year phone interview and mother-child attachment was assessed using the Toddler Attachment Sort-39 (TAS-39) at age three during the three-year in-home interview. Findings suggest that supportive coparenting was significantly associated with higher levels of father engagement and more secure mother-child attachment relationship across three racial/ethnic groups including white, African American, and Hispanic. Interestingly, results also support racial/ethnic differences such that after controlling for child sex, infant temperament, family structure and maternal education, father engagement was a significant predictor of secure mother-child attachment only among Hispanic families. In addition, race/ethnicity moderated the link between supportive coparenting and father engagement such that the link was stronger among white families compared to minority families. Results highlight the significance of coparenting and father engagement in relation to mother-child attachment relationship. The implications of these findings for interventions targeting paternal engagement and coparenting among at-risk children are discussed. Keywords: Coparenting, Creation-Date: 2013-01 File-URL: https://fatherhood.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/e000002591.pdf Number: 1441 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, H310, I300, J120 Keywords: single parent families, Fragile Families, Children, marriage, prison, fathers Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-01-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jerrett Jones Author-X-Name-First: Jerrett Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin - Madison Title: Examining the Relationship between Paternal Incarceration, Maternal Stress, and Harsh Parenting Behaviors Abstract: In response to rise of incarceration, there is a burgeoning literature examining the consequences of incarceration on families. Research has suggested that incarceration negatively impacts the well-being of partners connected to men with an incarceration history. However, research examining the effects of imprisonment on partners of former offenders remains underdeveloped. This area of research has yet to adequately address the methodological challenges associated with selection bias. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N= 2,819) to examine the effect of paternal incarceration on maternal stress and harsh parenting behaviors. Using multiple methods and accounting for a rich set of covariates associated with incarceration, results run counter to existing literature. More specifically, after accounting for selection processes, the results suggest no relationship between paternal incarceration, maternal stress and harsh parenting behaviors. Research needs to address preexisting disadvantages that select partners to associating with criminal offenders. Creation-Date: 2013-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-03-ff.pdf Number: 1444 Classification-JEL: J120, J180, I000, J130, D130 Keywords: prison, parenting, children, incarceration, fathers Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-03-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kei Nomaguchi Author-X-Name-First: Kei Author-X-Name-Last: Nomaguchi Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Author-Name: Wendi Johnson Author-X-Name-First: Wendi Author-X-Name-Last: Johnson Author-Workplace-Name: Bowling Green State University Title: Employment, Work-Family Conflict, and Parenting Stress Among Economically Disadvantaged Fathers Abstract: Qualitative research suggests that economically disadvantaged fathers experience considerable stress due to difficulty fulfilling the breadwinning ideal and workplace inflexibility that ignores their childcare responsibility. Yet, quantitative research on how employment and work-family conflict are related to fathers? parenting stress, especially in comparison with mothers?, is limited. Analyses using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,165) show that current unemployment and greater work-family conflict, but not overwork, odd-jobs, and nonstandard hours, are related to more parenting stress for fathers. Similar patterns are found for mothers, except that work-family conflict is related to fathers? more than mothers? stress; and nonstandard schedule is related to less stress for mothers only. Current employment status and work-family conflict are the strongest predictors of fathers? but not mothers? stress. Results suggest that securing a job with flexible scheduling is important to reduce parenting stress among working-class parents regardless of gender. Creation-Date: 2013-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-04-ff.pdf Number: 1445 Classification-JEL: J120, J180, I000, J130, D130 Keywords: prison, parenting, children, incarceration, fathers Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-04-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Robynn Cox Author-X-Name-First: Robynn Author-X-Name-Last: Cox Author-Workplace-Name: Spelman College Author-Name: Sally Wallace Author-X-Name-First: Sally Author-X-Name-Last: Wallace Author-Workplace-Name: Georgia State University Title: The Impact of Incarceration on Food Insecurity among Households with Children Abstract: This study seeks to determine the role that parental incarceration plays on the probability of food insecurity among families with children and very low food security of children using micro-level data from the Fragile Families and Child Well Being Study (FFCWS). The data set contains the 18-question food security module which allows us to explore the link between incarceration and food insecurity and very low food security among children, families, and adults. The incidence of very low food security in our data is somewhat higher than the national average, but the incidence of other levels of food security is similar to national aggregates. Since there is likely reverse causality in the relationship between parental incarceration and food insecurity, we employ a variety of program evaluation techniques to identify the causal relationship between food insecurity and parental incarceration. We employ imputation techniques to account for non-response among the food security variables and independent variables. Our ordinary least squares results suggest that having at least one parent that has ever been incarcerated has a small positive effect (1 to 4 percentage points) on the probability of very low food security among children, adults and households with children, but the results are not significant in various specification. Food insecurity for adults and households with children (a less dire level of food insecurity than very low food security) is affected by parental incarceration under most specifications with magnitudes of impact from 4 to 15 percentage points. This research provides some evidence that incarceration adversely affects children and families in terms of food insecurity. Policies to mitigate the impact could be addressed through the court system whereby children are provided with court-sanctioned support to address food needs. Creation-Date: 2013-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-05-ff.pdf Number: 1448 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, H320, I380, J130 Keywords: food security, prison, parents, incareration, children Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-05-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nancy E. Reichman Author-X-Name-First: Nancy Author-X-Name-Last: Reichman Author-Workplace-Name: Robert Wood Johnson Medical School & Princeton University Author-Name: Hope Corman Author-X-Name-First: Hope Author-X-Name-Last: Corman Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University & NBER Author-Name: Kelly Noonan Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Noonan Author-Workplace-Name: Rider University & NBER Title: Effects of Mental Health on Couple Relationship Status Abstract: We exploit the occurrence of postpartum depression (PPD), which has a random component according to the medical community, to estimate causal effects of a salient form of mental illness on couples? relationship status. We estimate single-equation models as well as bivariate probit models that address the endogeneity of PPD. We find that this relatively prevalent mental illness reduces the probability the couples are married (by 22?24%) as well the probability that they are living together (married or cohabiting) (by 24?26%) three years after the birth of the child. Models stratified by relationship status at the time of the birth indicate that PPD makes it more likely that unions dissolve (particularly among baseline cohabitors) and less likely that unions are formed (particularly among baseline non-cohabitors). The findings contribute to the literature on the effects of mental illness on relationships and to the broader literature on socioeconomic status and health. Creation-Date: 2013-06 File-URL: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w19164/w19164.pdf Number: 1473 Classification-JEL: D190, D630, J120, J130, I190 Keywords: postpartum depression, motherhood, families, mental illness, relationship status Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-09-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kate H. Choi Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Western Ontario Author-Name: Sara S. McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Multiracial infants and low birth weight: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Abstract: Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine how the birth outcomes of multiracial infants differ from those of their mono-racial counterparts and the extent to which disparities in birth outcomes are due to variation in socioeconomic background, prenatal health behaviors, and availability of social support. We find that (1) the birth outcomes of multiracial infants typically fall somewhere in between those of their mono-racial counterparts, (2) outcomes vary by mother?s race/ethnicity for some multiracial combinations, and (3) socioeconomic disparities account for a significant portion of the difference in rates of low birthweight between multi- and mono-racial infants born to White parents, while masking differences between infants born to Hispanic parents. Finally, differences in prenatal health behaviors and social support from baby?s father also play an important role in accounting for disparities in birth outcomes between multiracial infants and their mono-racial counterparts. Creation-Date: 2013-07 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-11-ff.pdf Number: 1477 Classification-JEL: D100, I000, I310, J130, J150 Keywords: multiracial, children, births, infants, low birth weight Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-11-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natasha V. Pilkauskas Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Pilkauskas Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Sara S. McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Doubling Up as a Private Safety Net for Families with Children Abstract: Low-income families rely on various sources of support, both public and private, to make ends meet. Although doubling up (moving in with relatives or nonkin) is a common source of support, previous research has not examined the economic value of doubling up as part of a family's income packaging strategy. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, we examine doubling up as a source of private support "a private safety net" among families with young children. We find that doubling up is a very important private safety net in the first few years of a child's life, especially for single and cohabiting mothers. Although high rates of unemployment (and other macro-economic indicators) are associated with increased odds of doubling up, the effect is small, indicating that this particular private safety net is not an effective coping mechanism for families during severe economic downturns. Creation-Date: 2013-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-13-ff.pdf Number: 1480 Classification-JEL: D100, D600, I000, J130, J120 Keywords: Doubling Up; Private Support; Private Safety Nets; Fragile Families; Great Recession; Household Extension Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-13-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia J. Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Madison Author-Name: Alicia G. VanOrman Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Author-X-Name-Last: VanOrman Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Madison Title: Trajectories of Couple Relationship Quality after Childbirth: Does Marriage Matter? Abstract: Marital quality typically declines after the birth of a (first) child, as parenthood brings new identities and responsibilities for mothers and fathers. Yet, it is less clear whether nonmarital, cohabiting relationship quality follows a similar trajectory. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2,108) with latent growth curve models to examine relationship quality for co-resident couples over nine years after a child's birth. Findings suggest that marriage at birth is protective for couple relationship quality, net of various individual characteristics associated with marriage, compared to all cohabiting couples at birth; however, marriage does not differentiate relationship quality compared to the subset of stably-cohabiting couples. Also, cohabiting couples who get married after the birth have better relationship quality compared to all cohabitors who do not marry though again, not compared to stably-cohabiting couples. Creation-Date: 2013-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-14-ff.pdf Number: 1481 Classification-JEL: J120, J130, D190 Keywords: Marriage, children, parenthood, cohabiting, quality Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-14-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald B. Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Elia De la Cruz Toledo Author-X-Name-First: Elia Author-X-Name-Last: De la Cruz Toledo Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Unemployment and Child Support Compliance Through the Great Recession Abstract: Using previously unavailable data of fathers’ residence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and multiple imputation of missing fathers to select unemployment rates in fathers’ labor markets, our study estimates the reduced - form association between aggregate unemployment and child support compliance. The period of analysis is from 1998 to 2010 which includes the great recession. Previous research used unemployment rates in mothers’ location to represent relevant labor market conditions finding no significant results. Using a fixed effects panel logit model, we found that the association between aggregate unemployment and child support compliance is negative, but sensitive to the unemployment measure. This association is always larger in magnitude and significance when using the unemployment rate at fathers’ rather than at mothers’ location. A 5 percentage-point increase in unemployment, which captures the effect of the great recession, is associated with a 30-32 percentage-point decrease in the probability of complying with child support obligations. The association of the unemployment rate at mothers’ location is weaker and not statistically significant. Thus, using a measure of unemployment at mothers’ and not at fathers’ labor market provides inaccurate estimates of the effect of unemployment on compliance that reflect attenuation bias and measurement error. Creation-Date: 2014-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp14-01-ff.pdf Number: Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:14-01-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kate Choi Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Choi Author-Workplace-Name: University of Western Ontario Author-Name: Amy Hsin Author-X-Name-First: Amy Author-X-Name-Last: Hsin Author-Workplace-Name: Queens College and City University of New York Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Asian Children’s Verbal Development: A Comparison of Three Countries Abstract: Using longitudinal data from three countries - the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia – we document White-Asian differences in verbal development from early to middle childhood to assess whether the Asian academic advantage extends to verbal skills during childhood. We find that the children of Asian immigrant mothers do not have a clear advantage over Whites. Rather, how they perform seems to be age and context specific. In the United States, Asian children begin school with higher verbal scores than Whites, but their advantage erodes over time. In the United Kingdom and Australia, Asian children show an initial disadvantage at school entry, but their scores grow at a faster rate and converge towards those of White children. Much of the observed White-Asian difference in verbal development is due to differences in parents’ socioeconomic status. Creation-Date: 2013-12 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-16-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Asian model minority hypothesis, verbal development, cross-national research, United States, United Kingdom, Australia Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-16-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Calvina Ellerbe Author-X-Name-First: Calvina Author-X-Name-Last: Ellerbe Author-Workplace-Name: University of North Carolina-Pembroke Author-Name: Jerrett Jones Author-X-Name-First: Jerrett Author-X-Name-Last: Jones Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Madison Author-Name: Marcia Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin-Madison Title: Nonresident Fathers’ Involvement after a Nonmarital Birth: Exploring Differences by Race/Ethnicity Abstract: Despite the higher prevalence of nonmarital childbearing among racial/ethnic minorities, there is limited evidence about differences in unmarried father involvement across race/ethnic groups. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=2,534), we evaluate racial/ethnic variation in father involvement after a nonmarital birth for nonresident fathers. Since nonresident father involvement typically requires coordinating with the mother, we evaluated involvement measures related to the father-child relationship (time and engagement) as well as measures related to the mother-father relationship vis-à-vis their common child (sharing responsibilities and coparenting). Black fathers were significantly more likely to spend time and engage in activities with their children as compared to Hispanic fathers—but not White fathers. With regard to the mother-father parenting interaction, Black fathers exhibited significantly higher levels of shared responsibility and positive coparenting with mothers than either White or Hispanic fathers. The low level of involvement among Hispanic fathers is notable, and future research should address possible reasons for this outcome. Creation-Date: 2014-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp14-07-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Father involvement, nonresident fathers, unmarried parents, race/ethnicity, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:14-07-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Thema Bryant-Davis Author-X-Name-First: Thema Author-X-Name-Last: Bryant-Davis Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Caroline Holcombe Author-X-Name-First: Caroline Author-X-Name-Last: Holcombe Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sarah James Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Anthea Gray Author-X-Name-First: Anthea Author-X-Name-Last: Gray Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: An Epidemiological Study of Children's Exposure to Violence in the Fragile Families Study Abstract: Rather than testing a particular hypothesis or set of hypotheses, the study was designed to provide longitudinal information on a broad range of factors known to be associated with children's health and development, including the neighborhood conditions, economic conditions, parents' health and mental health, parents‟ marital status and the quality of parental relationships, parents' use of public programs, the availability of social support, and parent-child relationships. As such, the Study provides data that are relevant to a large number of questions and serves as a valuable resource for researchers interested in the life chances of children growing up in disadvantaged families. Creation-Date: 2014-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp14-09-ff.pdf Number: Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:14-09-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Colleen Wynn Author-X-Name-First: Colleen Author-X-Name-Last: Wynn Author-Workplace-Name: University at Albany, SUNY Author-Name: Lauren McClain Author-X-Name-First: Lauren Author-X-Name-Last: McClain Author-Workplace-Name: Western Kentucky University Title: Not Quite Out On The Streets: Housing Tenure Among Low-Income Urban Fathers Abstract: Housing tenure has typically been conceptualized as a dichotomous indicator of home ownership versus renting. This study expands that indicator to include families who are doubled up (living with others to share the cost of housing), an important private safety net for low-income families. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=4,376), we examine the role of family structure and social support, socioeconomic status, health and well being indicators, prior incarceration, and race/ethnicity on housing tenure for low-income urban fathers. Our analysis reveals important differences in housing tenure by union status; married fathers are most likely to be homeowners, cohabiting fathers are more likely to be renters, and visiting fathers (romantically involved but not cohabiting) are more likely to double up. The findings also suggest that there are differences in housing tenure by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and prior incarceration status. Creation-Date: 2015-12 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp13-17-ff.pdf Number: Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP13-17-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wade Jacobsen Author-X-Name-First: Wade Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobsen Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Title: Punished for their Fathers: School Discipline Among Children of the Prison Boom Abstract: By the late 2000s the US incarceration rate had risen to more than 4 times what it was in the mid1970s, and school suspension rates more than doubled. Many incarcerated men are fathers, yet prior research has not examined the influence of paternal incarceration on children's risk of school discipline. Literature suggests multiple causal pathways: externalizing behaviors, lower parental involvement in school, and intergenerational stigmatization. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, I examine the effects of recent paternal incarceration on risk of exclusionary school discipline among urban nine year-olds. Results suggest that (1) recent paternal incarceration increases children’s risk of being suspended or expelled from school; (2) effects are largely due to student behavioral problems; (3) beyond behavior problems, effects are not due to lower parental involvement following incarceration; and (4) although risk is highest for blacks and boys, effects do not vary by race or gender. Creation-Date: 2015-04 File-URL: https://paa2015.princeton.edu/papers/153654 Number: Keywords: school discipline, mass incarceration, child behavior problems, intergenerational stigmatization, system avoidance Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP14-08-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Author-Name: Kate Jaeger Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Jaeger Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Garrett Pace Author-X-Name-First: Garrett Author-X-Name-Last: Pace Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study in Life Course Health Development Research Abstract: The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) is a nationally representative birth cohort study of approximately 4,900 children born in large U.S. cities between 1998 and 2000. Nonmarital childbearing increased dramatically in the second half of the 20th century, raising questions about the capabilities of unmarried parents, the nature of parental relationships and their implications for child health development and well being. The FFCWS has become a leading source of information about unmarried parents and their children, and about child health development more generally. The study contains biological and social indicators of children’s cognitive health development, as well as social determinants of health and children’s broader social environment. This rich measurement, coupled with a longitudinal design and multilevel structure make it an ideal resource for life course health development research. This chapter describes the demographic, scholarly and policy context in which the FFCWS was designed, as well as technical details that will enable new users to use the study effectively. We include details of sampling, data availability, variable structure and content, as well as features of the data that enable it to be used in longitudinal research. Finally, the chapter provides information about resources that will be available in the future, and institutional resources available for users of the data. Creation-Date: 2015-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp15-02-ff.pdf Number: Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP15-02-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Bruns Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Bruns Author-Workplace-Name: University of Washington Title: Stability and Change: Income Packaging among Partners of Incarcerated Men Abstract: A burgeoning body of literature documents the economic consequences of men’s incarceration for their families, yet we know little about how the predominantly poor, minority women heading these families modify their behaviors in response to the economic hardships they experience. To address this question, I use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and latent class regression analysis to characterize four groups of women who modify their income generating strategies in diverse ways during the time their partners are incarcerated. The analysis combines information on changes in women’s employment, receipt of public assistance, receipt of financial support from family and friends, and shared residence to explore the multiple strategies women employ following their partners’ imprisonment and how these pieces fit together and shift in conjunction with each other over time. Results indicate that women not only modify their income packages in diverse ways, but the types of changes women make to their strategies are determined largely by factors indicating social class: women’s educational attainment and household income. Even the most advantaged women are not insulated from the need to alter their strategies for making ends meet. Creation-Date: 2015-12 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp15-04-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP15-04-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Bruns Bruns Author-X-Name-First: Angela Bruns Author-X-Name-Last: Bruns Author-Workplace-Name: University of Washington Title: Consequences of Partner Incarceration for Women's Employment Abstract: As the rate of incarceration in the U.S. has increased, researchers have developed an interest in understanding the consequences of this expansion not only for current and former prisoners but also for their loved ones. This research has documented the limited opportunities men have to earn income while in prison and the difficulties they face finding employment upon release or earning decent wages when they do find work. However, little research has considered the relationship between men’s incarceration and the employment of the women to which they are connected. The families of incarcerated individuals face a high degree of economic instability that is often exacerbated by family members’ involvement with the penal system. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to investigate how men’s incarceration is associated with the employment of their female partners, or women with whom they share children, as well as variation in this association. Results show that, on average, women’s hours of work are not significantly impacted by the incarceration of their partners. However, there is a positive relationship between partner incarceration and employment among married women, white women and women experiencing the first imprisonment of their partners. Creation-Date: 2016-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-02-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:16-01-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Bruns Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Bruns Author-Workplace-Name: University of Washington Title: Partner Incarceration and Women’s Nonstandard Work Arrangements Abstract: In response to the expansion of mass incarceration and its uneven distribution across the population, a growing body of literature documents the economic consequences of incarceration for individuals and families. We know that men’s incarceration often exacerbates economic in stability and material hardship for already vulnerable families. However, we know little about whether and how women heading these families use employment to address the financial strain. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine how men’s incarceration is associated with two types of nonstandard work – working multiple jobs and working nonstandard schedules – among their female partners. Results show that the incarceration of women’s partners is associated with working multiple jobs but not with working nonstandard schedules. There is further evidence that the association between partner incarceration and multiple job holding is concentrated among black and Hispanic women and women living with (but not married to) their partners prior to incarceration. Given the implications of multiple job holding for stress and work - family conflict, these findings suggest that the economic consequences of incarceration may increase inequalities among women and their families. Creation-Date: 2016-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-02-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:16-02-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Angela Bruns Author-X-Name-First: Angela Author-X-Name-Last: Bruns Author-Workplace-Name: University of Washington Title: The Impact of Partner Incarceration on Women’s School Completion Abstract: A growing body of literature documents the spillover effects of mass incarceration on families as well as the implications of this experience for social stratification. We have learned that, for young people, having an incarcerated parent is negatively associated with graduating from high school and college. However, little research has considered the impact of having an incarcerated romantic partner on adult women’s education. This paper uses data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and event history analysis to examine 1) the relationship between partner incarceration and women's completion of education and training programs and 2) mediators and moderators of this relationship (e.g., health, systems of support). The data provide detailed information about school and training program completion at every survey wave and thus an opportunity to explore different types of educational outcomes among an already disadvantaged group at a similar stage in the life course. This project sheds light on how involvement with the penal system via the fathers of their children may contribute to racial and class inequality in women’s educational access and achievement and long term economic outcomes. Creation-Date: 2016-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-03-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Incarceration Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP16-03-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Wade Jacobsen Author-X-Name-First: Wade Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobsen Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Author-Name: Garrett Pace Author-X-Name-First: Garrett Author-X-Name-Last: Pace Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Nayan Ramirez Author-X-Name-First: Nayan Author-X-Name-Last: Ramirez Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Title: Even at a Young Age: Exclusionary School Discipline and Children’s Physically Aggressive Behaviors Abstract: Exclusionary school discipline has become an increasingly common experience among US children, with rates of suspension and expulsion highest among boys, minorities, and the poor. Although well documented among middle and high school students, less is known about the prevalence or consequences among younger children. We examine rates of school discipline across gender, race, and class for urban-born children by about age nine. We then estimate the effect of school discipline on physically aggressive behavior. Results reveal severe disparities, especially among poor children where 1 in 2 black boys and more than 1 in 3 black girls have been suspended or expelled, compared to fewer than 1 in 30 non-black non-Hispanic boys or girls. We find no evidence that school discipline reduces children’s physically aggressive behaviors. Indeed, it appears to be associated with increases in such behavior, with similar effects across gender, race, and class. Creation-Date: 2016-03 File-URL: https://kipdf.com/even-at-a-young-age-exclusionary-school-discipline-and-children-s-physically-agg_5afd96028ead0e7d268b45ba.html Number: Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:16-04-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Hillard Pouncy Author-X-Name-First: Hillard Author-X-Name-Last: Pouncy Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Afshin Zilanawala Author-X-Name-First: Afshin Author-X-Name-Last: Zilanawala Author-Workplace-Name: University College London Title: Race, Romance and Nonresident Father Involvement Resilience: Differences by types of involvement Abstract: Efforts to capture before and after visitation trajectories of fathers in romantic Visiting Parent Unions (VPUs) are sensitive to sample composition, estimator, visitation measure and theoretical perspective. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine extensive, intensive and sleepover margins of nonresident father involvement to reconcile theoretical and empirical differences in previous studies. We use generalized estimating equations (GEE) to address the non-normal distribution of visitation measures. At the extensive and the intensive margin we find VPU visitation levels before and after breakups are similar to and sometimes higher than ex-cohabiter levels. VPU visitation levels are always lower at the sleepover margin relative to ex-cohabiters. Our results challenge previous studies linking race and VPU status, confirm most previous perturbation results at extensive and intensive margins, and contribute a new result at the sleepover margin. We find the Baby Father Hypothesis to be relevant and fruitful for subsequent research. Creation-Date: 2016-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-05-ff.pdf Number: Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP16-05-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Colleen Wynn Author-X-Name-First: Colleen Author-X-Name-Last: Wynn Author-Workplace-Name: University at Albany, SUNY Title: Paternal Multipartner Fertility and Child Neighborhood Disorder Abstract: Multipartner fertility (MPF) and neighborhoods have been separate recent areas of investigation in the social sciences. This study attempts to understand the association between paternal multipartner fertility and child neighborhood disorder as measured by physical neighborhood disorder. These analyses use the most recent wave of the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study. I find that even after controlling for formal child support agreements and paternal sociodemographic characteristics, children whose fathers have children with multiple women live in neighborhoods with greater physical disorder than their peers whose fathers do not have MPF. I discuss the relationship between paternal MPF and child neighborhood disorder as well as potential future avenues of research in this area. Creation-Date: 2016-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-07-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12; J13 Keywords: Multipartner Fertility, Neighborhood Disorder, Fragile Families, Family Structure, Locational Attainment, Fathers Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP16-07-FF.pdf Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Thomas Schofield Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Schofield Author-Workplace-Name: Iowa State University Author-Name: Melissa Merrick Author-X-Name-First: Melissa Author-X-Name-Last: Merrick Author-Workplace-Name: Division of Violence Prevention, Nationa l Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Author-Name: Chia-Feng Chen Author-X-Name-First: Chia-Feng Author-X-Name-Last: Chen Author-Workplace-Name: Texas A&M University, Title: Reciprocal Associations between Neighborhood Context and Parent Investments: Selection Effects in Two Longitudinal Samples Abstract: The present study addresses the degree to which neighborhood disadvantage and parenting investments are reciprocally linked over time, and the relative degree to which both show indirect effects on child externalizing through each other. Data come from two studies: the first followed families from the child’s birth to age 11 (N= 1,364), the second followed children from birth to age 9 (N=4,898). In both studies, material and emotional parenting investments/resources predicted selection into neighborhoods over time, and neighborhood disadvantage frequently predicted relative change in parenting investments. The prediction to change in child externalizing was larger for parenting investments than it was for neighborhood characteristics in most of the models tested. Creation-Date: 2016-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-08-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: R20 Keywords: social environments; communities; neighborhoods Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP16-08-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Walter Shelley Author-X-Name-First: Walter Author-X-Name-Last: Shelley Author-Workplace-Name: University at Albany, SUNY Author-Name: Colleen Wynn Author-X-Name-First: Colleen Author-X-Name-Last: Wynn Author-Workplace-Name: University at Albany, SUNY Title: Moving on Down: The Conflated Impact of Family Instability and Disadvantaged Neighborhoods on Cognitive, Externalizing, and Internalizing Outcomes Abstract: Research indicates youth who face family instability have more negative outcomes than youth who remain in stable families. A gap in the literature is whether following family instability youth will move to a neighborhood with more disorder. Individuals that transition to neighborhoods with more disorder have profound negative effects in comparison to those who remain in higher quality neighborhoods. This study employs longitudinal data from the Fragile Families Study to determine whether family instability increases youths’ risk of movement to a lower quality neighborhood, and whether the effects of family instability in conjunction with movement to lower quality neighborhood impact educational outcomes, internalizing problem behaviors, and externalizing problem behaviors in comparison to youth only experiencing family instability. We find family instability significantly increases the odds of youth moving to lower quality neighborhoods, and youth display increased internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors following both family instability and movement to lower quality neighborhoods. Creation-Date: 2016-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp16-09-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: R20 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP16-09-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Allison Dwyer Emory Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Emory Author-Workplace-Name: Cornell University Title: Explaining the Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Children's Behavioral Problems Abstract: Paternal incarceration has consistently been linked with aggression and acting-out in children, yet mechanisms underlying these behavioral problems remain unclear. Identifying these paths is essential for understanding how incarceration contributes to intergenerational disadvantage and determining how best to mitigate these collateral consequences for children. This article tests the extent to which changes incarceration imposes on children’s families after incarceration fill this important gap. Two key findings emerge from structural equation models using the longitudinal Fragile Families study. First, changes occurring within the child’s family account for nearly half of the total association between recent paternal incarceration and aggressive or externalizing behavior. Second, the father's disengagement from the family and increased material hardship are the strongest and most consistent mechanisms. These findings suggest that targeting these two co-occurring hardships that families face when an incarceration occurs may be valuable for addressing child behavior. Creation-Date: 2017-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-01-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-01-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Brian Sykes Author-X-Name-First: Brian Author-X-Name-Last: Sykes Author-Workplace-Name: University of California-Irvine Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Title: Mass Incarceration and the Underground Economy in America Abstract: With more than 850,000 people returning home from prisons and jails annually during an era of decarceration, understanding the labor market opportunities available to formerly incarcerated people is important for public policy. Yet, the mark of a criminal record has profound impacts on the employment and wage trajectories of disadvantaged men. Correspondence and audit studies routinely find that low-wage, secondary sector employers actively discriminate against those with criminal records, even when firms say they are open to hiring the formerly incarcerated. In this paper, we investigate whether the underground economy provides employment opportunities for men with criminal histories. Specifically, we assess whether formerly incarcerated men are more likely than their never-incarcerated counterparts to work in the underground economy, and how macroeconomic conditions shape the likelihood of working in the informal economy. We find that formerly incarcerated men are indeed more likely to work underground; however, the extent to which the macroeconomy shapes their odds of employment in either the formal or underground economies is significantly different for incarcerated men than their never-incarcerated counterparts. Our results have implications for understanding patterns of employment and wage mobility among disadvantaged men. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-03-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: K42, D63, E26 Keywords: incarceration, dual labor markets, employment stratification, underground economy, informal economy Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-03-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amelia Branigan Author-X-Name-First: Amelia Author-X-Name-Last: Branigan Author-Workplace-Name: University of Illinois at Chicago Author-Name: Christopher Wildeman Author-X-Name-First: Christopher Author-X-Name-Last: Wildeman Author-Workplace-Name: Cornell University Title: Parental Incarceration and Child Overweight Abstract: While the past four decades have seen unprecedented increases in rates of both childhood obesity and parental incarceration, it remains unknown whether parental incarceration is associated with an increased risk of unhealthy weight among young children. We address this question using a sample of nine-year-olds from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, testing for effects separately by whether the mother, father, or both parents have a history of incarceration. Diverging from findings linking paternal incarceration to negative child behavioral outcomes, here we find no effect of incarcerated fathers on child body mass, while maternal incarceration is associated with significantly lower odds of overweight. Findings are consistent with an emerging body of research suggesting that the effects of maternal incarceration may differ from those of paternal incarceration, and caution against generalizing the direction of behavioral and mental health effects of parental incarceration to child physical health conditions. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-22-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: D63, K42, I12, J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-22-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Goldberg Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Goldberg Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Irvine Author-Name: Marta Tienda Author-X-Name-First: Marta Author-X-Name-Last: Tienda Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Michelle Eilers Author-X-Name-First: Michelle Author-X-Name-Last: Eilers Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Adolescent Relationship Quality: Is There an Intergenerational Link? Abstract: A growing body of evidence links teen relationship quality with adolescent health and development and with adult union quality. We use longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, linking information collected from mothers at the time of their children’s birth and ages 3, 5, and 9 with responses from their children at age 15, to examine whether and how the quality of mothers’ intimate relationships is associated with the partnerships their offspring form in adolescence. Specifically, we consider which aspects of relationship quality endure between generations, whether intensity of exposure to low quality partnerships during childhood influences adolescent relationship quality, and whether associations vary by gender. Preliminary descriptive evidence links 1) exposure to low quality partnerships during childhood with later relationship formation and lower adolescent relationship quality, and 2) exposure to maternal intimate partner violence with early coupling, age asymmetrical relationships, and violence perpetration in adolescent partnerships. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-16-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I12, D85 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-16-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jayanti Owens Author-X-Name-First: Jayanti Author-X-Name-Last: Owens Author-Workplace-Name: Brown University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Origins of the Racial Gap in School Suspension and Expulsion Abstract: In spite of widespread recognition that racial disparities in suspension and expulsion perpetuate racial inequality, why racial disparities exist remains an open empirical question. Using a dataset of 5,000 children in 2,560 schools across 20 cities, we provide the first analysis to jointly parse the relative contributions of four of the most prominent structural and social-psychological explanations. Highlighting the contextually-dependent nature of these disparities, we find that the concentration of Black youth in majority-minority schools and the harsher sanctioning of Black boys from father-absent families account for the majority of the race gap. Contrary to popular belief, racial differences school-entry behavioral development, family social class, and harsher punishment for the same misbehaviors are secondary contributors. Consequently, we argue that while open displays of racism have become less common, racism has morphed, presenting through punitive discipline in many minority-serving schools, and, interpersonally, through negative stereotyping of Black boys from father-absent families. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-15-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I21, J15 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-15-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin−Madison Author-Name: Frank Furstenberg, Jr. Author-X-Name-First: Frank Author-X-Name-Last: Furstenberg, Jr. Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pennsylvania Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Nathan Seltzer Author-X-Name-First: Nathan Author-X-Name-Last: Seltzer Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin−Madison Author-Name: Alicia VanOrman Author-X-Name-First: Alicia Author-X-Name-Last: VanOrman Author-Workplace-Name: Population Reference Bureau Title: Multipartnered Fertility and Children's Behavioral Outcomes Among Urban U.S. Families Abstract: At the nexus of changing marital and fertility behavior is a new reality of contemporary family life — the fact that a significant fraction of adults today (will) have biological children by more than one partner, sometimes called ‘multi-partnered fertility.’ Multi-partnered fertility may have important implications for children’s wellbeing because it affects family roles, relationships and kinship networks, particularly concerning the rearing and socialization of children. In this paper, we provide new evidence about how multi-partnered fertility is related to children’s behavioral outcomes (both externalizing and internalizing), comparing children whose mothers and/or fathers have a child by another partner to children with only full siblings. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we evaluate children’s behavior over a 12-year period (ages 3, 5, 9 and 15). This research has important implications for understanding the role of contemporary families in rearing children and for public policy designed to strengthen families. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-09-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: J12, J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-09-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Louis Donnelly Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Teachers College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia School of Social Work Title: The Protective Effects of Housing Assistance Programs on Eviction Abstract: Recent research highlights that housing eviction in common in the lives of low-income families, especially urban mothers. Housing assistance programs are expected support residential stability, but little is known about their protective effects on eviction. In this study, we use 15 years of panel data on a diverse sample of urban families from all regions of the U.S. to compare the likelihood of eviction between low-income mothers who reside in public housing, private housing subsidized through a voucher program, and non-subsidized private housing. Findings show that eviction is not uncommon among those who participate in housing assistance programs; annual risk of eviction is between 2 and 3 percent. However, low-income mothers' receipt of public housing and voucher assistance reduces their likelihood of eviction substantially; comparable low-income mothers who do not receive assistance are around 1.7 percentage points (or 40%) more likely to experience an eviction in a given year. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-07-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I38, R31, R23 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-07-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah James Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: James Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Louis Donnelly Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Teachers College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Links between Childhood Exposure to Violent Contexts and Risky Adolescent Health Behaviors Abstract: We assess whether childhood exposure to violent contexts is prospectively associated with risky adolescent health behavior and whether these associations are specific to different contexts of violence and different types of risky behavior. Data come from 2,693 adolescents in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a population-based, birth cohort study of children born between 1998-2000 in 20 large American cities. Using logistic regression models, we evaluate whether exposure to 6 indicators of community violence and 7 indicators of family violence at ages 5 and 9 is associated with risky sexual behavior, substance use, and obesity risk behavior at age 15. Controlling for a range of adolescent, parent, and neighborhood covariates, each additional point on the community violence scale is associated with 8% higher odds of risky sexual behavior but not substance use or obesity risk behavior. Alternatively, each additional point on the family violence scale is associated with 20% higher odds of substance use but not risky sexual behavior or obesity risk behavior. We conclude that childhood exposure to violent contexts is associated with risky adolescent health behaviors, but the associations are context and behavior specific. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-05-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I12, K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-05-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Leah Gillion Author-X-Name-First: Leah Author-X-Name-Last: Gillion Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Does Birth Weight Influence Grit or Can Grit Be Learned After Birth? Abstract: In recent studies, scholars have come to view grit as an essential component for success. This field has gained attention because it crosses the social economic spectrum and it is considered to be a learned characteristic. In this paper, I investigate the link between birth endowments and grit and the role parental investment plays in the development of non-cognitive skills. Using data from the Fragile Families Study, I find mixed results. Birth weight is associated with grit, when measured by teachers, but there is little association when measured by parents and the child. Furthermore, parental investment is associated with grit when measured by parents and the child, but there is no association when measured by teachers. This paper suggests that grit is a behavior that can be learned through parental investment, but the returns to parental investment in elementary school are not realized in the academic environment. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-21-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I12, J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-21-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Calvina Ellerbe Author-X-Name-First: Calvina Author-X-Name-Last: Ellerbe Author-Workplace-Name: University of North Carolina Pembroke Title: Racial Differences in Marital Outcomes among Unmarried Mothers: The Influence of Perceived Marital Benefits and Expectations Abstract: Family formation in American society increasingly begins with a birth. Given the important benefits that married, biological parents have for children it is important to examine marriage formation among unmarried parents. The present study investigates the influence that perceived marital benefits and marital expectations have on marriage formation among unmarried mothers with an examination of racial/ethnic differences. Large racial differences in perceived marital benefits and marital expectations were present. Black mothers perceived that marriage would be more beneficial than white mothers, but they did not expect that they would develop a marital relationship with their baby's father as often as white mothers. Perceptions and expectations were strong predictors of marriage among black, white and Hispanic mothers and were useful for explaining racial differences in marital outcomes. Positive expectations to marry increased the odds of marriage while positive perceptions of benefits decreased the likelihood of marriage. Creation-Date: 2018-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-03-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I31, J12, J13, J15 Keywords: expectations, perceptions, marriage, race, nonmarital births Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-03-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Title: Policing America's Children: Police Contact and Consequences Among Teens in Fragile Families Abstract: Recent high-profile incidents of police violence and misconduct have brought widespread attention to long-standing tensions between police departments and the communities they serve. Policy shifts over the past 20 years have led to the broad adoption of "proactive" policing, which emphasizes active engagement of citizens at low levels of suspicion. Police use investigative stops, citations, and arrests to detect and disrupt low-level disorder or other circumstances interpreted as indicia that crime is afoot. However, these encounters rarely uncover illegal activity, and in many cities are characterized by stark racial disparities. Such encounters threaten the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities targeted. Due largely to data constraints, little is known about the experiences of youth stopped by the police, and the current national picture of policing and its implications for youth is unclear. I use new data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (FFCWS) to measure the extent, nature, and health implications of police contact among a cohort of contemporary urban teenagers. I find that FFCWS teens have extensive police exposure: more than 75% report a police officer stationed at their school, and more than 25% report personal experience with the police. This contact is racially disparate, and often severe. Observed racial disparities in both a binary indicator of stop experience and a measure of police intrusion are robust to controls for adolescent behavior and their peer context. Further, I find that adolescents' experiences with the police are significantly associated with multiple indicators of adverse mental health, suggesting that police contact has the potential to drive or exacerbate health disparities among urban teens. Creation-Date: 2017-05 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-02-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: D63, K14, K42, J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-02-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natasha Pilkauskas Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Pilkauskas Author-Workplace-Name: University of Michigan Author-Name: Katherine Michelmore Author-X-Name-First: Katherine Author-X-Name-Last: Michelmore Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Title: Does the Earned Income Tax Credit Reduce Housing Instability? Abstract: Housing instability (inability to pay rent, frequent moves, doubling up, eviction, or homelessness) is common among low-income households and is linked with a host of negative outcomes for families and children. As rents have risen and wages have not kept pace, housing affordability has declined over the last 15 years, increasing rates of housing instability. In this study, we examine whether the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), a key US social welfare policy and one of the largest cash transfer programs in the US, reduces housing instability. Using longitudinal data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we employ a simulated instruments strategy to examine whether policy-induced expansions in the EITC reduce housing instability. Results suggest that a $1,000 increase in the EITC reduces doubling up (living with other non-nuclear family adults) 3 to 5 percentage points. We find some suggestive evidence that the EITC decreases the average number of moves per year (0.05 moves). While our results suggest that the EITC does decrease certain, less severe forms of housing instability, we find no evidence that the EITC decreases more extreme (and rarer) forms of housing instability: eviction or homelessness. Creation-Date: 2017-08 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-01-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: H24, I21, R21, R31, H23 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-01-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christina Caramanis Author-X-Name-First: Christina Author-X-Name-Last: Caramanis Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas at Austin Author-Name: Cynthia Osborne Author-X-Name-First: Cynthia Author-X-Name-Last: Osborne Author-Workplace-Name: University of Texas at Austin Title: The Dynamics of Childcare Instability Abstract: Disrupting the settings of children’s daily lives, childhood instability can manifest in many overlapping ways. Moving beyond conventional studies focused on single dimensions of instability, this paper aims to unpack instability in childcare by closely examining the implications of three domains of childcare instability — childcare transitions between birth and age three, childcare type, and childcare quantity — for child cognitive and behavioral outcomes at age five. Data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study are used to assess the cumulative and multiplicative consequences of changes in childcare arrangements in combination with childcare type and quantity. Given overall increasing rates of instability in the family at birth and over time, and the higher prevalence of such unstable arrangements among some of the more disadvantaged groups in society, patterns and mechanisms of childcare instability highlight mediating and moderating pathways through which inequality may be perpetuated in the United States. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-19-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-19-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Marcia Carlson Author-X-Name-First: Marcia Author-X-Name-Last: Carlson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin−Madison Author-Name: Lenna Nepomnyaschy Author-X-Name-First: Lenna Author-X-Name-Last: Nepomnyaschy Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Author-Name: Ariane Ophir Author-X-Name-First: Ariane Author-X-Name-Last: Ophir Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin−Madison Title: Fathers' Roles Amidst Family Complexity After a Nonmarital Birth Abstract: Notable changes in family life over the past half century suggest a disconnection between marriage and childbearing/childrearing and an increase in family complexity. Many men, particularly disadvantaged men, will be living away from some or all of their biological children and/or living with children (of their partners) to whom they are not biologically related. In this paper, we provide new quantitative information about the prevalence and nature of urban unmarried fathers’ roles amidst complexity after nonmarital births (as compared to marital births) using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study over 9 years after a birth. To the extent that fathers’ involvement has an important influence on children and on the wellbeing of men themselves, this research provides important new information about what contemporary fathers do — and hence what children ''get' — in the context of contemporary family complexity. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-12-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J13, J12 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-12-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Lundberg Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Lundberg Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Louis Donnelly Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Prevalence of Housing Eviction among Children Born in American Cities Abstract: Recent research suggests that housing eviction is a common hardship for many poor urban families and may play an important role in the reproduction of urban poverty. The proportion of children affected by housing eviction, however, remains largely unknown. Using a population-based panel study of children born in 20 large U.S. cities between 1998-2000, this research presents representative estimates of the proportion of urban American children to experience an eviction for nonpayment of rent or mortgage by age 15: about 1 in 7. Rates of eviction are substantial across all cities and demographic groups studied, but children most likely to experience eviction are from disadvantaged backgrounds. Among those born into deep poverty, about 1 in 4 were evicted by age 15. Given prior evidence that forced moves have negative consequences for children, we conclude that the high prevalence and social stratification of housing eviction are sufficient to play an important role in the reproduction of poverty and warrant greater policy attention. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-06-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: R21, J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-06-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Joel Mittleman Author-X-Name-First: Joel Author-X-Name-Last: Mittleman Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: A School-to-Prison Pipeline? Locating the Link Between Exclusionary School Discipline and Juvenile Justice Contact Abstract: There is growing concern that exclusionary school discipline promotes a "school-to-prison pipeline," disrupting children’s lives in ways that increase their risk of coming into contact with the justice system. Empirical validations of this argument, however, face a fundamental challenge: both school sanctions and legal sanctions respond to the same behavioral risk factors and concentrate in the same disadvantaged contexts. To address this challenge, the current study combines survey data from the Fragile Families and Childhood Wellbeing Study with administrative data on children’s schools and neighborhoods. Following children from birth through adolescence, I demonstrate that children removed from school at a young age face substantially higher risks of later legal entanglement than their peers. Moreover, the consequences of discipline vary by children’s preexisting propensity for sanction. For every outcome considered, exclusionary discipline is most consequential for those children who were otherwise least likely to come into contact with the justice system. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-14-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I21, I28, K42 Keywords: incarceration; incarcerated Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-14-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Lenna Nepomnyaschy Author-X-Name-First: Lenna Author-X-Name-Last: Nepomnyaschy Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Author-Name: Daniel Miller Author-X-Name-First: Daniel Author-X-Name-Last: Miller Author-Workplace-Name: Boston University Author-Name: Maureen Waller Author-X-Name-First: Maureen Author-X-Name-Last: Waller Author-Workplace-Name: Cornell University Author-Name: Sarah Gold Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Gold Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Title: The Role of Fathers in Reducing Income-Based Inequalities in Children's Behavioral Outcomes Abstract: Low-income children have far worse academic and behavioral outcomes than their more affluent peers. Research suggests that fathers’ involvement with children can help improve these outcomes, but major social and economic changes have hampered low-income fathers' ability to be involved with their children. In this study, using data on 5, 9, and 15-year old children from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we examine the extent to which father involvement (residence, engagement in activities, positive co-parenting, and material contributions) reduces inequality in behavioral outcomes (internalizing, externalizing and delinquent behaviors) between children in low and higher-income families. We follow a decomposition framework, exploring whether income-based differences in the levels of involvement or in the ‘effects’ of involvement can reduce differences in child outcomes. We control for an extensive set of factors, including outcomes at the prior wave, and estimate individual fixed effects models to account for unobserved differences between families. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-18-ff-updated.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12, D31 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-18-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Brianne Pragg Author-X-Name-First: Brianne Author-X-Name-Last: Pragg Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Title: Fathers’ Parental Leave Use and Relationship Promotion in Fragile Families Abstract: Research consistently finds that fathers who take a significant amount of time off work when their children are born are more engaged with their children relative to fathers who do not take any time off of work and who take short periods of time off. However, little is known as to why these fathers are relatively more engaged. The current study uses data from the Fragile Families and Wellbeing Study and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between fathers’ use of leave from work when children are born, relationships with their children’s mothers, and levels of father-child engagement (n = 2,452). The number of weeks taken off work is positively associated with residential relationships with children’s mothers five years later, which in turn is positively associated with father-child engagement. Findings suggest that parental leave policies for fathers may promote relationships between mothers and fathers in socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-11-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J22 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-11-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Teja Pristavec Author-X-Name-First: Teja Author-X-Name-Last: Pristavec Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Author-Name: Sharon Bzostek Author-X-Name-First: Sharon Author-X-Name-Last: Bzostek Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Title: Taking Off the Rose-Colored Glasses? Comparing Mothers' and Children's Reports About Father Involvement Abstract: Findings about fathering often rely on mothers’ reports and give a one-sided perspective of father involvement. This single-informant approach neglects the experience of children themselves, and overlooks the potentially informative level of disagreement within the mother-child pair. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we compare mothers’ and children’s own reports about fathers to better understand their shared and individual perceptions of family dynamics involving the father. We conduct latent class analysis to examine patterns of (dis)agreement in mothers’ and children’s reports of father involvement. We then conduct latent class regression analysis to examine whether father type (biological versus social), relationship quality, and sociodemographic characteristics predict the pattern of mother-child agreement. The study’s findings have implications for our understanding of the extent of father involvement in social-and biological-father families, and provide information about the potential pitfalls of estimating father involvement using solely the mother’s perspective. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-13-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-13-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alejandra Ros Pilarz Author-X-Name-First: Alejandra Author-X-Name-Last: Ros Pilarz Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin−Madison Author-Name: Laura Cuesta Author-X-Name-First: Laura Author-X-Name-Last: Cuesta Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Author-Name: Yonah Drazen Author-X-Name-First: Yonah Author-X-Name-Last: Drazen Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin−Madison Title: Nonstandard Work Schedules and Father Involvement Among Nonresident and Resident Fathers Abstract: Due to large increases in rates of marital dissolution and nonmarital births in recent decades, many children today grow up living away from their biological father. Prior research finds that employed nonresident fathers and those with higher earnings tend to be more highly involved with their children. Yet, the timing of work may also influence their involvement. This study tests the hypothesis that fathers’ nonstandard work schedules are related to three dimensions of involvement — father’s accessibility to, engagement with, and responsibility for his child — and examine differences in these relationships between nonresident and resident fathers. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study and OLS regression models with rich controls, we find that among nonresident fathers, working an evening shift or a weekend shift were each associated with lower levels of involvement with their three-year-old children. For resident fathers only, we found no associations between work schedules and involvement. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-10-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12, J22 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-10-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Nayan Ramirez Author-X-Name-First: Nayan Author-X-Name-Last: Ramirez Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Author-Name: Garrett Pace Author-X-Name-First: Garrett Author-X-Name-Last: Pace Author-Workplace-Name: University of Michigan Author-Name: Gerardo Cuevas Author-X-Name-First: Gerardo Author-X-Name-Last: Cuevas Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Author-Name: Wade Jacobsen Author-X-Name-First: Wade Author-X-Name-Last: Jacobsen Author-Workplace-Name: Pennsylvania State University Title: Early Exclusionary School Discipline and Adolescent Wellbeing Abstract: Exclusionary school discipline is a common experience among US children. In an earlier paper, we find high suspension or expulsion rates even in elementary school, particularly among racial minorities and the poor. Moreover, such discipline is associated with increased physical aggression by age nine. In the current analysis, we extend this work in two ways. First, we examine the association between early suspension or expulsion on externalizing behavior problems six years later, when children are in high school. Second, given that mental health problems are more common in adolescence than at younger ages, we examine the association between early school discipline and adolescent internalizing behavior problems. Because school discipline is most concentrated among racial minorities and the poor, our findings have important implications for the role of school discipline policy in educational inequality. Early suspension or expulsion may have unintended negative consequences for child wellbeing that persist into middle adolescence. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-25-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I21, I31 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-25-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Laurel Sariscsany Author-X-Name-First: Laurel Author-X-Name-Last: Sariscsany Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Lenna Nepomnyaschy Author-X-Name-First: Lenna Author-X-Name-Last: Nepomnyaschy Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Title: Understanding Child Support Trajectories Abstract: Fathers' financial contributions to nonresident children are a key focus of policy and research and have been found to improve children’s economic circumstances and well-being. However, little is known about how fathers’ contributions change as children age and by parents’ relationship histories. This study, using longitudinal data on children from birth to age 15, examines the trajectories of formal, informal, and total cash support that mothers receive from nonresident fathers. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, patterns of child support payments for never-cohabiting, previously cohabiting, and previously-married parents are analyzed for up to 15 years since parents' separation. Analyses are based on 11,886 repeated observations (3,331 unique observations). Preliminary results indicate similar trajectories by relationship history in the short-term, but differences emerging in the longer-term, with decreases in total support among the previously-married (consistent with prior research) and increases among the unmarried. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-24-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-24-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Elia De la Cruz Toledo Author-X-Name-First: Elia Author-X-Name-Last: Toledo Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Christopher. Wimer Author-X-Name-First: Christopher. Author-X-Name-Last: Wimer Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: The Geography of Opportunity: Developmental Trajectories of Children in Baltimore Abstract: Neighborhood disadvantage across America affects children in several domains. Geographic differences that result from racial and economic segregation have the potential to change life paths. Using the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study we estimated behavior, cognitive and health trajectories of children transitioning into adolescence born in Baltimore, and we compared their trajectories to those of children born in other urban cities. To account for neighborhood effects, we matched different measures of inequality at the county level. Results showed that early on children in Baltimore had less behavioral problems, better cognitive health outcomes, in comparison to children born in other cities. Through time, there was a convergence of means, which resulted from a worsening situation for children in Baltimore and improvements for children elsewhere. Once we incorporated measures of neighborhood inequality, we observed an improvement in the developmental trajectories of children in Baltimore, and larger positive changes among black girls. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-20-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J13, R23 Keywords: Maryland Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-20-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Brandon Wagner Author-X-Name-First: Brandon Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner Author-Workplace-Name: Texas Tech University Author-Name: Louis Donnelly Author-X-Name-First: Louis Author-X-Name-Last: Donnelly Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Irwin Garfinkel Author-X-Name-First: Irwin Author-X-Name-Last: Garfinkel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia School of Social Work Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Teachers College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University Title: Neighborhood Air Pollution and Children’s Cognitive Development Abstract: Exposure to airborne toxins is associated with a variety of health risks. A growing body of research suggests exposure to air pollution negatively impacts neurological function, although the extent to which cumulative exposure throughout childhood matters for children’s cognitive development is unclear. To address this question, we join Census tract-level data on air pollution estimated in the National Air Toxics Assessment by the Environmental Protection Agency to individual-level data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a birth cohort study following children born in large US cities between 1998 and 2000. We find that children who grow up in neighborhoods with higher levels of neurologically hazardous air pollution score lower on multiple measures of intellectual and academic ability at age 9, even after accounting for parental intelligence and the socio-economic characteristics of families and neighborhoods. We also show that cumulative exposure to air pollution during childhood is associated with declines in relative vocabulary test scores between ages 3 and 9, net of air pollution exposure at birth. Overall, our findings provide strong evidence for the deleterious effect of childhood air pollution on children’s cognitive development. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-08-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: Q53, I24, J13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-08-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ellen Whitehead Author-X-Name-First: Ellen Author-X-Name-Last: Whitehead Author-Workplace-Name: Rice University Title: Neighborhood Connectivity and Residential Circumstances: Understanding the Role of Public and Private Support Abstract: Neighborhood social cohesion has well-established implications for the well-being of families, yet residential status shapes these levels of community engagement and connectivity. Most of what is known focuses on those receiving public support (e.g. public housing or housing vouchers), with little focus on those residing with relatives or friends. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Year 5 Follow-Up (n=3,523), I examine how interactions with neighbors, perceptions of collective efficacy, and participation in neighborhood organizations vary by whether an individual is a homeowner, renter, or receives a public or private form of housing assistance. Multivariate analyses reveal that individuals receiving private support do not differ from homeowners in their interactions with neighbors or perceptions of collective efficacy, but report lower levels of participation in community organizations. This study suggests that those receiving public versus private support differ in how they perceive and interact with their neighborhood. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-23-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: R23 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-23-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sangita Pudasainee-Kapri Author-X-Name-First: Sangita Author-X-Name-Last: Pudasainee-Kapri Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Author-Name: Rachel Razza Author-X-Name-First: Rachel Author-X-Name-Last: Razza Author-Workplace-Name: Syracuse University Title: Developmental Pathways Between Low Birth Weight Status and Children's Academic and Socioemotional Competence: The Role of Parenting Processes as a Moderator Abstract: The present study examined the longitudinal associations among moderate low birth weight (MLBW), parenting factors, and children’s developmental outcomes within an at-risk sample (N= 1,809), using secondary data from Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) study. Of particular interest was whether parenting factors moderate the associations between MLBW and indicators of both socioemotional and cognitive/academic competence. Birth weight and prenatal data were taken from medical records. Parenting factors were assessed during in-home assessments at ages 3 and 5. Mothers and teachers reported on externalizing behaviors and teachers reported on social skills at age 9. In addition, cognitive/academic outcomes were assessed using teacher reports and standardized assessments at age 9. Overall, findings suggest that MLBW was significantly associated with teacher reports of children's socioemotional competence as well as cognitive/academic outcomes including receptive vocabulary, reading, and math achievement at age 9. These associations remained significant after accounting for a large battery of control variables; the exception was the link between MLBW status and parent's report of externalizing behavior at age 9. Results also indicated that maternal warmth, but not parenting stress, moderated the longitudinal associations between MLBW and cognitive/academic outcomes and teacher-reported socioemotional competence. To conclude, these results highlight the significance of MLBW and positive parenting processes across diverse child outcomes. The implications of these findings are discussed for interventions targeting MLBW children within at-risk populations. Creation-Date: 2017 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp17-04-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I12, J13, I21 Keywords: Academic/Cognitive outcomes, Externalizing behaviors, Low birth weight, Maternal warmth, Parenting stress, Social competence Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP17-04-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ronald Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Natasha Cabrera Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Cabrera Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maryland, College Park Author-Name: Elia De La Cruz Toledo Author-X-Name-First: Elia Author-X-Name-Last: De La Cruz Toledo Author-Workplace-Name: University of Chicago Author-Name: Hyunjoon Um Author-X-Name-First: Hyunjoon Author-X-Name-Last: Um Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: The long-reach of nonresident fathers’ financial support on children’s skills in fragile families : Parental investments, family processes, and children’s language skills Abstract: Using a sample of 692 children in mother-headed families drawn from the FFCWS, we examined the direct and indirect associations between nonresident fathers' financial support during early childhood and children’s cognitive, behavioral, and achievement outcomes at ages 5 and 9 through parental investments, family processes, and children’s skills at age 3. We found significant direct effects of fathers' financial support: measured continuously on children’s math and reading scores at age 9 and above the median on reading achievement at age 9. Financial support well-above the median was also significantly associated with math achievement at age 9 and both aggressive behavior and receptive vocabulary at age 5. Children’s language skills mediated the associations between financial support, measured continuously and provided through a formal order/agreement and math and reading achievement at age 9 and the association between financial support above the median and reading achievement at age 9. Most associations were small. Creation-Date: 2018-07 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-07-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I24; I31 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-07-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Jayanti Owens Author-X-Name-First: Jayanti Author-X-Name-Last: Owens Author-Workplace-Name: Brown University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Unpacking the Drivers of Racial Disparities in School Suspension and Expulsion Abstract: School suspension and expulsion are important forms of punishment that disproportionately affect Black students. Punishment early in schooling has consequences for long term achievement, criminal justice interaction, and well being. Prior research identifies three mechanisms that help account for racial disparities in suspension and expulsion: between-school sorting, differences in student behaviors, and differential treatment of students with the same behaviors. We build upon and extend prior research in four ways: (1) by comparing the relative importance of the three mechanisms in a single study, (2) by focusing on students early in elementary school, (3) by measuring students' behavior at the time they enter school, before they have been exposed to school disciplinary practices, and (4) by using both teacher and parent reports of student behaviors. Using data from the Fragile Families Study and decomposition techniques, we find that between-school sorting accounts for 13% of the Black/White gap in suspension/expulsion, differences in behavior account for 9% of the gap, and differential treatment accounts for 39% of the gap. Behavior differences measured at age 9, which are likely to be endogenous to suspension and expulsion, reinforce the importance of differential punishment. Theoretically, our findings highlight differential treatment as a mechanism of early criminalization. Creation-Date: 2018-02 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-04-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I24 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-04-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Natasha Cabrera Author-X-Name-First: Natasha Author-X-Name-Last: Cabrera Author-Workplace-Name: University of Maryland Author-Name: Ronald Mincy Author-X-Name-First: Ronald Author-X-Name-Last: Mincy Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Author-Name: Hyunjoon Um Author-X-Name-First: Hyunjoon Author-X-Name-Last: Um Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: The long-reach of fathers’ earnings on children’s skills in two-parent families: Parental investments, family processes, and children’s language skills Abstract: Using a sample of 735 two-parent families drawn from the FFCWS, we examined the direct and indirect associations between fathers’ permanent earnings during the early childhood and children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes at ages 5 and 9 through parental investments, family processes, and children’s skills at age 3. We found that fathers’ earnings in the early years were significantly related to children’s language skills at age 5 but not to aggressive behavior or to any outcomes at age 9. The association between earnings and language skills at age 5 and math and reading at age 9 were mediated by cognitively stimulating materials and children’s language skills at age 5. The effect sizes are small and the mediating effects of fathers’ earnings on reading and math are only for children of the highest earning fathers. For two-parent families, policies to increase fathers’ earnings alone will have little impact on children’s development. Creation-Date: 2018 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-06-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I24; J31 Keywords: Early and middle childhood, FFCW, parental investment, coresidence Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-06-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Christine Porr Author-X-Name-First: Christine Author-X-Name-Last: Porr Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kelly Noonan Author-X-Name-First: Kelly Author-X-Name-Last: Noonan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: The Effects of Maternal Depression on Nine-Year-Old Children’s Behavior, Physical Health, and Cognition Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of maternal depression, including its occurrence and chronicity, on nine-year-old children’s behavior, physical health, and cognition, as well as the extent to which five mechanisms explain the association between maternal depression’s chronicity and these outcomes. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), we conduct this analysis with ordinary least squares (OLS), instrumental variable (IV), and Lewbel IV regression models. We find that maternal depression significantly negatively impacts children’s behavior and physical health at age nine, while its relationship to their cognition remains ambiguous. These demonstrated effects increase in magnitude and significance with depression’s chronicity. Estimates indicate that economic hardship explains a significant portion of the association between maternal depression and all three categories of child outcomes, while mothering behaviors, co-parenting, and maternal health also play an important role for some outcomes. These findings provide support for potential policies for identifying depression early in its course, making appropriate treatment more financially viable for all individuals, and assisting children at-risk for or already suffering from behavioral and physical health problems. Creation-Date: 2018 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-08-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: D190, D600, I000, J120, J130 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-08-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Ian Lundberg Author-X-Name-First: Ian Author-X-Name-Last: Lundberg Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Arvind Narayanan Author-X-Name-First: Arvind Author-X-Name-Last: Narayanan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Karen Levy Author-X-Name-First: Karen Author-X-Name-Last: Levy Author-Workplace-Name: Cornell University Author-Name: Matthew Salganik Author-X-Name-First: Matthew Author-X-Name-Last: Salganik Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Privacy, ethics, and data access: A case study of the Fragile Families Challenge Abstract: Stewards of social science data face a fundamental tension. On one hand, they want to make their data accessible to as many researchers as possible to facilitate new discoveries. At the same time, they want to restrict access to their data as much as possible in order to protect the people represented in the data. In this paper, we provide a case study addressing this common tension in an uncommon setting: the Fragile Families Challenge, a scientific mass collaboration designed to yield insights that could improve the lives of disadvantaged children in the United States. We describe our process of threat modeling, threat mitigation, and third-party guidance.We also describe the ethical principles that formed the basis of our process. We are open about our process and the trade-offs that we made in the hopes that others can improve on what we have done. Creation-Date: 2018-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-09-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: F13 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-09-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Alexander Kindel Author-X-Name-First: Alexander Author-X-Name-Last: Kindel Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Vineet Bansal Author-X-Name-First: Vineet Author-X-Name-Last: Bansal Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kristin Catena Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Catena Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Thomas Hartshorne Author-X-Name-First: Thomas Author-X-Name-Last: Hartshorne Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kate Jaeger Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Jaeger Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Improving metadata infrastructure for complex surveys: 
Insights from the Fragile Families Challenge Abstract: Researchers rely on metadata systems to prepare data for analysis. As the complexity of datasets increases and the breadth of data analysis practices grow, existing metadata systems can limit the efficiency and quality of data preparation. This article describes the redesign of a metadata system supporting the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study based on the experiences of participants in the Fragile Families Challenge. We demonstrate how treating metadata as data—that is, releasing comprehensive information about variables in a format amenable to both automated and manual processing—can make the task of data preparation less arduous and less error-prone for all types of data analysis. We hope that our work will facilitate new applications of machine learning methods to longitudinal surveys and inspire research on data preparation in the social sciences. We have open-sourced the tools we created so that others can use and improve them. Creation-Date: 2018-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp18-10-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: F13 Keywords: metadata, survey research, data sharing, quantitative methodology, computational social science Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP18-10-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Aaron Gottlieb Author-X-Name-First: Aaron Author-X-Name-Last: Gottlieb Author-Workplace-Name: University of Illinois At Chicago Author-Name: Robert Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Robert Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Illinois At Chicago Title: The Effect of Direct and Vicarious Police Contact on the Educational Achievement of Urban Teens Abstract: In response to changes in policing practices, scholarship has increasingly begun to explore whether police contact has negative implications for youth. A small subset of scholarship has examined the implications of police contact for educational outcomes. This research has generally focused on serious police contact (arrest, court involvement, and incarceration) and has found that police contact is associated with worse educational outcomes. In this paper, we build on this research in three ways: 1) By differentiating between arrests and stops that do not result in arrest; 2) By examining the implications of vicarious police contact; and 3) By examining the pathways through which experiencing arrest, experiencing a police stop without an arrest, and vicariously experiencing police contact may impact educational achievement. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that arrest, police contact that does not result in arrest, and vicarious police contact are all associated with reductions in educational achievement. We also find that these associations are mediated at least in part by the impact of police contact on teen delinquency, teen attitudes towards teachers, and teen mental health. Creation-Date: 2018-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-02-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: K42; I21 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-02-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Turney Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Turney Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Irvine Title: Vicarious and Contingent Consequences of Adolescent Police Exposure Abstract: Police stops are a pervasive form of criminal justice contact among adolescents that have adverse repercussions for mental health. Yet the mental health consequences of adolescent police stops likely proliferate, vicariously, to parents of adolescents exposed to this form of criminal justice contact. In this article, I conceptualize adolescent police stops as a stress or, drawing on the stress process perspective to examine how and under what conditions adolescent police stops damage the mental health of adolescents’ mothers. The results, based on data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, suggest three conclusions. First, the mental health consequences of adolescent police stops proliferate vicariously, increasing depression and anxiety among adolescents’ mothers. This relationship persists across a series of modeling strategies that progressively adjust for observed confounders, including potentially endogenous adolescent characteristics including delinquency, substance use, and other forms of criminal justice contact. Second, the relationship between adolescent police stops and mothers’ mental health is contingent, especially concentrated among mothers with prior exposure to the criminal justice system (either via themselves or their adolescents’ fathers). Third, mothers’ emotional support buffers the relationship between adolescent police stops and mothers’ mental health. Taken together, this research highlights the role of police exposure as a stressor with both vicarious and contingent consequences and, accordingly, documents the expansive and proliferating repercussions of police contact. Creation-Date: 2019-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-01-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-01-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kate Jaeger Author-X-Name-First: Kate Author-X-Name-Last: Jaeger Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Kristin Catena Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Catena Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Title: Children in Fragile Families Abstract: Families formed by unmarried parents increased dramatically in the United States during the latter half of the twentieth century. To learn more about these families, a team of researchers at Princeton and Columbia Universities designed and implemented a large, birth cohort study –The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. This chapter highlights several findings from the study. First, most unmarried parents have "high hopes" for a future together at the time of their child’s birth; but their resources are low and most relationships do not last. Second, unmarried mothers experience high levels of partnership instability and family complexity, both of which are associated with lower quality parenting and poorer child well being. Finally, welfare state, child support and criminal justice policies play a large role in the lives of fragile families. Creation-Date: 2019-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-03-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12 Keywords: unmarried parents, partnership instability,parenting, child well-being, policies Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-03-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Allison Dwyer Emory Author-X-Name-First: Allison Author-X-Name-Last: Dwyer Emory Author-Workplace-Name: Rutgers University Title: Unintended Consequences: Protective State Policies and the Employment of Fathers with Criminal Records Abstract: Criminal records contribute to worse employment outcomes, an association with serious implications for the collateral consequences of criminal justice involvement for families. To address these employment challenges, many states have adopted policies to regulate the use of criminal records during the hiring and licensing processes. Recent studies have questioned whether such policies exacerbate statistical discrimination. Using panel data from the Fragile Families study merged with longitudinal data on state-level policies protecting the employment of individuals with records, this study investigates the association between protective state policies and the employment of fathers both with and without criminal records. Findings indicate that state policies regulating the use of records are negatively associated with the employment of fathers with records. Consistent with statistical discrimination, this negative association is particularly strong for black fathers both with and without criminal records. Instead of mitigating inequality, these policies appear to exacerbate the mark of criminal records. Creation-Date: 2019-01 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-04-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-04-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Hyunjoon Um Author-X-Name-First: Hyunjoon Author-X-Name-Last: Um Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University School of Social Work Title: The Role of Child Support Debt on the Development of Mental Health Problems among Nonresident Fathers Abstract: Using the first five waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), this research examines whether nonresident fathers who owe child support arrears are at risk for the development of depression and alcohol abuse problems. To attenuate a potential omitted variable bias, I controlled for fathers’ previous mental health status by including a lagged dependent variable as a covariate. As a robustness check, I used an instrumental variable approach to correct for endogeneity and measurement error associated with mothers’ report of fathers' child support arrears. The study provides strong evidence that fathers who owe arrears are more likely to report mental health problems than those who do not owe any arrears. The study also finds that fathers who receive more support from friends and families during childbirth were less likely to develop depression caused by child support arrears than those who receive less support. Creation-Date: 2019 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-05-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I12; I14 Keywords: Child support debt; Depression; Anxiety; Alcohol Abuse; Social Support; Stress Process Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-05-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Author-Name: Ellis Monk Author-X-Name-First: Ellis Author-X-Name-Last: Monk Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard University Title: Race, Skin Tone, and Police Contact Among Contemporary Teens Abstract: Contemporary urban youth are heavily policed, many as early as preadolescence. This policing is characterized by significant racial disparities,with black teens reporting more,and more intrusive experiences. Along history, and growing literature, suggests that police encounters may vary not only by race, but by complexion.We examine skin tone disparities in police contact among a population-based sample of over 1,000 teens from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. We observe a robust "light skin privilege" in which light-skinned adolescents are less likely than others to report contact with the police, and report lower levels of police intrusion. Significant skin tone differences in the probability of reporting stops were also observed within the subsample of black teens (N=504). Differences within the smaller subsample of Hispanic teens were of similar magnitude but statistically insignificant. For both black and Hispanic teens, within-race skin tone differences in stop intrusion were suggestive of a light skin privilege, but statistically significant. Creation-Date: 2019-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-07-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: D63, K14, K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-07-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Vesla M Weaver Author-X-Name-First: Vesla Author-X-Name-Last: Weaver Author-Workplace-Name: Johns Hopkins University Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Title: Transforming Police Surveillance of Kids to the Civic Incorporation of Youth Abstract: The standard account of policy feedback scholarship centers on self-reinforcing dynamics of social policies: the provision of resources not only promotes economic security and well being, it also enables the individuals and communities directly affected by the policies to engage more constructively with state actors. Criminal justice policies have typically had the opposite effect: they embolden those with interests in a punitive policy agenda, while disempowering those most affected by the policies.This is of particular concern for children and adolescents, whose first encounters with state actors often come through police contact, and carry adverse social and political consequences at a critical developmental stage. In this article we reimagine youth engagement with the state, not only by substantially reducing police surveillance of young people, but by promoting youth attachment to civic life. We call for an investment in institutions, both state-based and community-based, that reinforce citizenship and civic health. Creation-Date: 2019-04 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-08-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: D63; K14: K42 Keywords: policing, criminal justice, youth, civic engagement, policy feedbacks, community-building, race-class subjugation Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-08-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Author-Name: Gabriel Schwartz Author-X-Name-First: Gabriel Author-X-Name-Last: Schwartz Author-Workplace-Name: Harvard University Title: Police Contact in Adolescence: Sexual Minorities and Health Inequality Creation-Date: File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-06-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: D63; K14; K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-06-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Del Toro Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Toro Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pittsburgh Author-Name: Alvin Thomas Author-X-Name-First: Alvin Author-X-Name-Last: Thomas Author-Workplace-Name: University of Wisconsin – Madison Author-Name: Ming-Te Wang Author-X-Name-First: Ming-Te Author-X-Name-Last: Wang Author-Workplace-Name: University of Pittsburgh Author-Name: Diane Hughes Author-X-Name-First: Diane Author-X-Name-Last: Hughes Author-Workplace-Name: New York University Title: The Health-Related Consequences to Police Stops as Pathways to Risks in Academic Performance for Urban Adolescents Abstract: Several heuristic models posited that environmental stress disrupt adolescents' engagement and performance in school, but few studies have identified police as a source of such stress. We examined whether police stops, direct and vicarious instances, predicted decrements in adolescents' grades via their psychological (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) and health(i.e., sleep problems and self-rated health statuses) stress responses. We also examined whether the observed correlates varied across ethnic-racial and gender groups. To do so, we used two waves of longitudinal survey data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study.Children completed surveys when they were, on average, ages 9 and 15. Results illustrated that direct and vicarious police stops at age 15 predicted lower grades contemporaneously,controlling for adolescents’ self-rated health, sleep, and performance on the Woodcock-Johnson tests at age 9. Psychological distress, sleep problems, and self-rated health at age 15 partially mediated the relations between police stops and grades. The negative consequences of vicarious police stops were specific to the boys and girls of color; vicarious police contact did not predict adolescents' grades for White boys and White girls. We discussed the implications of our results as they pertain to policing and adolescent development. Creation-Date: 2019 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-09-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: K42, I24, I29, I14 Keywords: ethnicity-race, gender, policing, health, academic achievement Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-09-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Yiwan Ye Author-X-Name-First: Yiwan Author-X-Name-Last: Ye Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Davis Author-Name: Larissa Saco Author-X-Name-First: Larissa Author-X-Name-Last: Saco Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Davis Title: Keeping Promises: Single Mothers, Race, and Elementary Educational Engagement Abstract: The present study explores how household arrangement influences parental engagement in children’s elementary education among mothers in U.S. urban settings. Using two waves of panel data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,982), the present paper compares the difference in educational engagement between coupled (married or cohabiting) and single mothers. Logistic regression models are utilized to examine the impacts of household arrangement on the possibility of enrolling children in tutoring, initiating a conversation with teachers, and frequent book reading with children. After controlling for household structure, financial factors, and mother and child characteristics, results suggest that, compared with mothers who live with partners, single mothers who consistently live alone at waves 4 and 5 are just as likely to hire a tutor but less likely to initiate conversations with teachers. The results also suggest no differences in after-school tutoring enrollment and frequent book reading across household arrangements. This paper also discusses some racial disparities found for parental engagement outcomes. Black mothers are more likely to hire tutors and, like single mothers in general, are less likely to initiate discussions with teachers compared to their White counterparts. Hispanic mothers read with their children less frequently than non-Hispanic mothers, which could possibly be explained by the lesser availability of children’s literature written in the Spanish language compared with the English language. The findings of this paper have important implications for understanding both the engagement strategies employed and obstacles faced by single mothers in urban areas, and suggest new hypotheses for future study of racial gaps in parental engagement in children’s education. Creation-Date: 2019-09 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-11-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12; J15; I21 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-11-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Kristin Turney Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Turney Author-Workplace-Name: University of California, Irvine Title: Vicarious and Contingent Consequences of Adolescent Police Exposure Abstract: Police stops are a pervasive form of criminal justice contact among adolescents that have adverse repercussions for mental health. Yet the mental health consequences of adolescent police stops likely proliferate, vicariously, to parents of adolescents exposed to this form of criminal justice contact. In this article, I conceptualize adolescent police stops as a stressor, drawing on the stress process perspective to examine how and under what conditions adolescent police stops damage the mental health of adolescents’ mothers. The results, based on data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, suggest three conclusions. First, the mental health consequences of adolescent police stops proliferate vicariously, increasing depression and anxiety among adolescents’ mothers. This relationship persists across a series of modeling strategies that progressively adjust for observed confounders, including adolescent characteristics including delinquency, substance use, and other forms of criminal justice contact. Second, the relationship between adolescent police stops and mothers’ mental health is contingent, especially concentrated among mothers with prior exposure to the criminal justice system (either via themselves or their adolescents’ fathers). Third, mothers’ emotional support buffers the relationship between adolescent police stops and mothers’ mental health. Taken together, this research highlights the role of police exposure as a stressor with both vicarious and contingent consequences and, accordingly, documents the expansive and proliferating repercussions of police contact. Creation-Date: 2019-10 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp19-12-ff.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: K42 Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP19-12-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Sarah Gold Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Gold Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Brandon Wagner Author-X-Name-First: Brandon Author-X-Name-Last: Wagner Author-Workplace-Name: Texas Tech University Author-Name: Sara McLanahan Author-X-Name-First: Sara Author-X-Name-Last: McLanahan Author-Workplace-Name: Princeton University Author-Name: Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Author-X-Name-First: Jeanne Author-X-Name-Last: Brooks-Gunn Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Family instability from Birth to Adolescence: Evidence from a Birth Cohort Study Abstract: Family structure instability is associated with a host of negative outcomes for children, but there is limited knowledge of the prevalence of this instability in recent cohorts. Objectives/Methods: This research note draws on six waves of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to provide national estimates of children’s exposure to family structure instability (both moves in and out) for a cohort born in large US cities at the turn of the 21st century. Results: We find that by age 15, the average child in this cohort experienced about one and a half co-residential changes in family structure. The number of transitions differs by parents’ relationship status and mothers’ education at birth. Children born to married parents experienced the fewest transitions (0.89) while children born to single mothers experienced the greatest number of transitions (average of 3.00). Additionally, children whose mothers had completed college prior to the child’s birth experienced fewer transitions than children whose mothers had less education. Contribution: We extend existing literature by examining cumulative instability (and subgroup differences) through age 15, an important developmental period. Creation-Date: 2020 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/family_trajectories_descriptive_findings.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: J12 Keywords: Marriage and Close Relationships, Stability, Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP20-03-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: UC Irvine Department of Criminology, Law and Society Author-Name: Kristin Turney Author-X-Name-First: Kristin Author-X-Name-Last: Turney Author-Workplace-Name: UC Irvine Department of Sociology Author-Name: Sarah Remes Author-X-Name-First: Sarah Author-X-Name-Last: Remes Author-Workplace-Name: DC Action Title: Policing Disability: Law Enforcement Contact among Urban Teens Abstract: Youth with disabilities, especially disabilities with behavioral manifestations, are at high risk for intrusive police contact, as are youth of color. However, most current research cannot identify diagnosis or race/ethnicity as distinct risk factors from socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N=3,128), we assessed disparities in three measures of youth-police contact by disability status, race/ethnicity, and intersections between the two. Regression models indicated disparities in in-school police contact. Youth diagnosed with Attention-Deficit or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADD/ADHD) reported more contact than their non-disabled counterparts. The few youth in the sample diagnosed with autism reported relatively little police contact. Within-race/ethnicity disparities by ADD/ADHD diagnosis were largest and most robust among Hispanic girls. Black boys diagnosed with ADD/ADHD, compared to Black boys without diagnoses, were more likely to be stopped at school. They also reported more intrusive contact than White boys with ADD/ADHD diagnoses, suggesting they faced risks associated with both their disability and their race/ethnicity. Findings highlight inequalities in police contact among youth – especially youth of color – with disabilities. Given the repercussions of police contact for health, educational attainment, and further interactions with the justice system, policing may exacerbate inequalities between youth with and without disabilities. Creation-Date: 2022-03 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/fragilefamilies/files/wp22-01-ff.pdf Number: Keywords: Police, Law Enforcement, Youth, Disability Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP22-01-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Michael Evangelist Author-X-Name-First: Michael Author-X-Name-Last: Evangelist Author-Workplace-Name: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Author-Name: Amanda Geller Author-X-Name-First: Amanda Author-X-Name-Last: Geller Author-Workplace-Name: University of California at Irvine Author-Name: Jane Waldfogel Author-X-Name-First: Jane Author-X-Name-Last: Waldfogel Author-Workplace-Name: Columbia University Title: Links between School Police, School Social Workers, and Youth Experiences with Law Enforcement: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study Abstract: The theory of a “school to prison pipeline” posits that harsh disciplinary practices in schools may heighten the risk that youth are involved with the carceral system. We examine one part of that pipeline, analyzing the links between two different types of school staff – school police officers and school social workers - and students’ experiences with law enforcement. Using data from a large and diverse national sample of 15-year-olds from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that students in schools with greater numbers of school police officers are more likely to experience police stops, are stopped more frequently, and are more likely to be arrested, whereas students in schools with greater numbers of school social workers are less likely to experience police stops and are stopped less frequently. These results are robust to controlling for student demographics, past student behavior, and other school context characteristics. Creation-Date: 2022 File-URL: https://fragilefamilies.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf2001/files/documents/WP22-02-FF.pdf Number: Classification-JEL: I24, I29 Keywords: Race and ethnicity, Education and school, Criminal justice system, Social support Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel: WP22-02-FF Template-Type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Juan Del Toro Author-X-Name-First: Juan Author-X-Name-Last: Del Toro Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota Author-Name: Colin D. Freilich Author-X-Name-First: Colin Author-X-Name-Last: Freilich Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota Author-Name: Gianna Rea-Sandin Author-X-Name-First: Gianna Author-X-Name-Last: Rea-Sandin Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota Author-Name: Kristian Markon Author-X-Name-First: Kristian Author-X-Name-Last: Markon Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota Author-Name: Sylia Wilson Author-X-Name-First: Sylia Author-X-Name-Last: Wilson Author-Workplace-Name: University of Minnesota Title: Ethnic/Racial Disparities in DNA Methylation Age Profiles across the Lifespan Abstract: Ethnic/racial disparities in DNA methylation age profiles have been commonly captured in relatively small, community samples of individuals from a single age group. Whether such findings extend to large, national samples of individuals is unclear, especially in studies covering multiple developmental periods, including childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. These DNA methylation profiles linked to age can be used to derive epigenetic clocks as indices of premature aging and inform possible cellular mechanisms linking ethnic/race-related adversities and ethnic/racial disparities in mortality and morbidity. Thus, the present descriptive study leveraged data from 3,349 individuals who participated in one of two national and ethnically/racially diverse studies, the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing (FFCW) study and the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Study. The FFCW study included repeated measures of children’s DNA methylation age profiles at age 9 (i.e., childhood) and age 15 (i.e., adolescence), and the MIDUS study included participants’ DNA methylation profiles at a single wave during adulthood. Results showed that ethnic/racial minorities exhibited more accelerated within-person changes in the GrimAge, PhenoAge, and Dunedin epigenetic clocks across childhood and adolescence and more accelerated between-person differences in the Dunedin epigenetic clock during adulthood. Collectively, both studies show robust ethnic/racial disparities in DNA methylation age profiles and underscore the need to address institutional racism and ethnocentrism in the United States. Creation-Date: 2023-06 File-URL: https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/d8zkj/ Number: Classification-JEL: J15, Keywords: DNA methylation; epigenetics; childhood; adolescence; adulthood; ethnicity/race Handle: RePEc:pri:crcwel:WP23-01-FF